Difference between revisions of "Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis"

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Also known as IBR
 
Caused by:[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]
 
: aerosol transfer
 
  
====Pathogenesis====
+
== Introduction ==
 +
[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
This disease is also known as '''IBR''' and is caused by [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]] (BHV-1) through aerosol transmission and close contact of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a [[:Category:Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]], meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.
  
*BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
+
BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies) from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.
**Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity: serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing
 
*Dypsnoea, anorexia
 
*Rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia
 
*Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
 
*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
 
*Generally high morbidity, low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]], caused by meningo-encephalitis
 
  
====Diagnosis====
+
== Classification ==
*Virus isolation and immunofluorescence
 
  
====Control====
+
BHV's Baltimore Classification is I, dsDNA virus, and is part of the Herpesviridae family. It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid symmetry.
*'''Vaccination''':
 
**Two '''live attenuated''' vaccines are available in the UK, one is temperature-sensitive
 
***Both given intranasally
 
***Neither protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease
 
**'''Inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration
 
***gE deletion makes this a '''marker vaccine'''
 
***ELISA for gE deletion can enable culling of carrier animals
 
*IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
 
  
[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
+
== Clinical Signs ==
[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
  
 +
Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into [[bronchopneumonia]]. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.
  
*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
+
Clinical disease is most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
*[[Rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
 
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
 
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
 
*Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
 
*Early stages (only first few days) may show [[Cellular Inclusions|intracellular inclusions]] in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
 
*Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent
 
*With secondary bacterial infection (eg: ''[[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasturella spp.]], [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma spp.]], [[Fusobacterium necrophorum]])'' can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Aspiration pneumonia|inhalation pneumonia]]... death
 
*Underlying hyperaemic inflammatory response
 
*Can become latent following primary infection
 
*Clinical signs:nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
 
*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
 
*Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
 
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 
  
May cause cutaneous skin infections.
+
There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]] resulting in meningo-encephalitis.  
  
 +
Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella]] or [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]].
  
<br>Caused by herpes virus 1 in cows. Results in abortion late in gestation 3-6 weeks after exposure.
+
== Diagnosis ==
Abortion occurs soon after foetal death.  Foetus may be autolysed.  Intranuclear inclusions present in liver.
 
  
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]]
+
Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and [[immunofluorescence]].
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
+
 
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
+
On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intranuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.
 +
 
 +
Test for serum antibodies against IBR and re-test in 2-3 weeks time.
 +
 
 +
== Control  ==
 +
 
 +
'''[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] '''is available and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines available in the UK are given intranasally and neither protects against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also '''inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a gE deletion making this a '''marker vaccine'''. There is an ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<big><b>For more information see [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]. </b></big>
 +
 
 +
{{Learning
 +
|flashcards = [[Cattle Medicine Q&A 05]]
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
== References ==
 +
 
 +
Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) '''Bovine Medicine '''(Second edition), ''Blackwell Publishing''
 +
 
 +
Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008)''' Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle,''''' Elsevier Health Scieneces''
 +
 
 +
Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{{review}}
 +
 
 +
==Webinars==
 +
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/respiratory/webinars/feed</rss>
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

Latest revision as of 17:02, 4 January 2023

Introduction

IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)

This disease is also known as IBR and is caused by Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) through aerosol transmission and close contact of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a herpesvirus, meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.

BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies) from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.

Classification

BHV's Baltimore Classification is I, dsDNA virus, and is part of the Herpesviridae family. It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid symmetry.

Clinical Signs

Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.

Clinical disease is most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.

There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with BVDV resulting in meningo-encephalitis.

Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as Pasteurella or Mycoplasma.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and immunofluorescence.

On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intranuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.

Test for serum antibodies against IBR and re-test in 2-3 weeks time.

Control

Vaccination is available and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines available in the UK are given intranasally and neither protects against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also inactivated vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a gE deletion making this a marker vaccine. There is an ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals.


For more information see Bovine Herpesvirus 1.


Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Learning Resources
FlashcardsFlashcards logo.png
Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions
Cattle Medicine Q&A 05


References

Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing

Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008) Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle, Elsevier Health Scieneces

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences



Webinars

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