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| | ==Thoracic Limb== | | ==Thoracic Limb== |
| − | ===[[Extrinsic Musculature of the Thoracic Limb- Horse Anatomy|Extrinsic Musculature]]===
| + | <big><b> |
| − | | + | :[[Thoracic Limb Extrinsic Muscles - Horse Anatomy|Extrinsic Musculature]] |
| − | | + | :Intrinsic Musculature |
| − | ===Intrinsic Musculature===
| + | ::[[Shoulder Muscles - Horse Anatomy|Muscles of the Shoulder]] |
| − | | + | ::[[Elbow Muscles - Horse Anatomy|Muscles of the Elbow]] |
| − | ====[[Muscles of the Shoulder- Horse Anatomy|Muscles of the Shoulder]]====
| + | ::[[Carpal and Digital Muscles - Horse Anatomy| Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints]] |
| − | | + | </b></big> |
| − | ====[[Muscles of the Elbow- Horse Anatomy|Muscles of the Elbow]]====
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====[[Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints-Horse Anatomy| Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints]]====
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| | | | |
| | ==Pelvic Limb== | | ==Pelvic Limb== |
| − | The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups; girdle muscles and rump muscles.
| + | <big><b> |
| − | <br /> | + | :[[Pelvic Girdle Muscles - Horse Anatomy|Girdle Muscles]] |
| − | ===Girdle Muscles====
| + | :[[Rump Muscles - Horse Anatomy|Rump Muscles]] |
| − | The pelvic girdle musculature ('''sublumbar muscle''') is made up of a number of distinct muscle groups. These arise from the lumbar vertebrae and insert on the pelvis or femur. These muscles function in dorsiflexion and ventriflexion of the spine. They also provide stabilisation to the vertebral column and pelvis.
| + | :[[Inner Pelvic Muscles - Horse Anatomy|Inner Pelvic Muscles]] |
| − | | + | :[[Muscles of the Crus - Horse Anatomy|Muscles of the Crus]] |
| − | '''''Psoas Minor'''''
| + | </b></big> |
| − | :'''Innervation''':Intercostal n., Femoral n. | |
| − | :'''Origin''': Last three thoracic vertebrae and 1st-4th lumbar vertebrae
| |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Ilium | |
| − | :'''Action''': Fixator, flexes lumbar vertebral column
| |
| − | : The muscle is marked by multiple tendinous intersections.
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Iliac'''''
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| − | :The iliac muscle is a fleshy muscle that is cross-sectionally flat cranially and round caudally.
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| − | :'''Innervation''':Lumbar n., Genitofemoral n., Femoral n. | |
| − | :'''Origin''': Two heads, a strong lateral head and small medial head. They enclose the '''greater psoas''' and will unite to form a common tendon for insertion.
| |
| − | ::Medial - Ileal shaft
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| − | ::Lateral - Wing of the ileum
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Lesser trochanter of the femur
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| | | | |
| − | '''''Quadrate Lumbar'''''
| + | ==References== |
| − | : Thin, tendinous muscle
| + | *Konig, H.E., Liebich, H.G. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Colour Atlas (2009), Schattauer |
| − | :'''Innervation''': Intercostal n., ventral branches of Lumbar n., Genitofemoral n., Femoral n.
| + | *Pasquini, C, Spurgeon, T.L., An Anatomy of Domestic Animals: A Systemic and Regional Approach, 10th Edition (2003), Bowker |
| − | :'''Origin''': Proximal end of last rib and transverse process of the cranial lumbar vertebrae
| |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Transverse processes of caudal lumbar vertebrae, wing of the sacrum, wing of the ilium
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| − | :'''Action''': Fixator of lumbar vertebral column
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| − | <br />
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| − | <br />
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| − | | |
| − | ====Rump Muscles====
| |
| − | The rump muscles are also made up of a number of different muscle groups and have considerably more groups than the girdle muscles. They extend between the ilium and the thigh. These muscles are particularly large in the horse, providing the power for forward locomotion.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''Superficial Gluteal'''''
| |
| − | :'''Innervation''': Caudal gluteal n.
| |
| − | :'''Origin''': Gluteal fascia
| |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Unites with the ''tensor fascia lata'', passing over the greater trochanter and attaching on the third trochanter with radiations to the femoral fascia. A synovial bursa exists between the tendinous insertion and the third trochanter.
| |
| − | :'''Action''': Extends the hip, retracts the limb and supports outward rotation
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''Middle Gluteal'''''
| |
| − | :The largest of the gluteals, it lies deep to the superficial gluteal and provides the visible shape of the croup. A sheet of tendon divides the muscle into a deep ('''accessory gluteal muscle''') and superficial part. It fuses caudally with the ''piriformis'' muscle.
| |
| − | :'''Innervation''': Caudal gluteal n.
| |
| − | :'''Origin''': 1st lumbar vertebra, aponeurosis of the ''longissimus'' muscle, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
| |
| − | :'''Insertion''':
| |
| − | ::Deep - Greater trochanter and intertrochanteric crest
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| − | ::Superficial - Greater trochanter
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| − | :'''Action''': Poweful hip extensor, retracts and abducts the limb. Transfers the power of the hindlimb to the trunk, allowing the horse to rear up.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''Deep Gluteal'''''
| |
| − | : Deepest of the gluteals, directly overlying the coxofemoral (hip) joint
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Cranial gluteal n.
| |
| − | :'''Origin''': Lateral ilium
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Greater trochanter of the femur
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| − | :'''Action''': Supports the middle gluteal to abduct the limb
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Piriformis'''''
| |
| − | : Fused to the ''middle gluteal'' muscle
| |
| − | :'''Innervation''': Cranial gluteal n.
| |
| − | :'''Origin''': Last sacral vertebra, sacrotuberous ligament
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Passes over the greater trochanter of the femur to insert via a seperate tendon to that of the middle gluteal on the caudal femur.
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| − | :'''Action''': Extends the hip and abducts the limb
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Tensor Muscle of the Fascia Lata'''''
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Cranial gluteal n.
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| − | :'''Origin''': Tuber coxae, extending distally on the cranial border of the ''quadriceps'' muscle
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Combines with the fascia lata and so indirectly attaches to the patella, lateral patellar ligament and cranial border of the tibia. A caudodorsal detachment joins the superficial gluteal and so attaches to the greater trochanter of the femur.
| |
| − | :'''Action''' Tenses the fascia lata, indirectly flexing the hip and extending the stifle. Advances the limb during the swing phase of the stride.
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Biceps Femoris'''''
| |
| − | : Largest and most lateral of the caudal thigh muscles. It lies very superficially, covered only by fascia and skin. The biceps are comprised of two parts, a strong cranial ('''vertebral head''') and smaller caudal part ('''pelvic head''').
| |
| − | :'''Innervation''': Caudal gluteal n. | |
| − | :'''Origin''':
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| − | ::Cranial: Spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae, caudal border of the sacrotuberous ligament
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| − | ::Caudal: Ischial tuberosity
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| − | :'''Insertion''': The two bellies then unite and redivide into three parts that form an extensive aponeurosis.
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| − | ::Cranial - Just distal to the third trochanter on the lateral aspect of the femur, patella, patellar ligament
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| − | ::Middle - Crural fascia, patella, lateral patellar ligament, cranial aspect of the tibia
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| − | ::Caudal - Radiates into the crural fascia and forms the '''tarsal tendon''. This combines with the detachment from the semitendinous inserts on the calcaneus.
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| − | :'''Action''': Generally extends and abducts the limb. The cranial (vertebral) part extends the hip and stifle. The caudal (pelvic) part extends the hip but flexes the stifle. It also helps extend the tarsus through its attachment via the '''tarsal tendon''' on the calcaneus.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''Semitendinosus'''''
| |
| − | : Large muscle, forming the contour of the caudal thigh. In horses, the muscle is comprised of two heads; the bellies of which then reunite and run as a flat tendon to the medial side of the leg.
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Caudal gluteal n.
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| − | :'''Origin''':
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| − | :: Pelvic head - Ventral aspect of the ischial tuberosity
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| − | :: Vertebral head - Spinous and transverse processes of the sacrum, 1st caudal vertebrae, sacrotuberous ligament
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| − | :'''Insertion''': The reunited tendon fans out into the crural fascia and partially inserts onto the cranial aspect of the tibia. The remaining tendon joins the tarsal tendon of the ''biceps'' muscle to insert on the calcaneal tuberosity.
| |
| − | :'''Action''': Extends the hip, stifle and tarsus during weightbearing causing propulsion. When the limb is non-weightbearing, it flexes the stifle, rotates the leg outwards and moves it backwards.
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Semimembranosus'''''
| |
| − | : Most medial muscle in the 'hamstring' group, it unites with the semitendinosus to form the caudal contour of the thigh. In the horse it has two heads, a '''vertebral head''' and stronger '''pelvic head'''.
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Caudal gluteal n., Tibial n.
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| − | :'''Origin''':
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| − | ::Pelvic Head - Ventral aspect of the ischial tuberosity
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| − | ::Vertebral head - Sacrotuberous ligament, 1st caudal vertebra
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| − | :'''Insertion''': The two bellies of the muscle unite to insert at three places; the medial femoral condyle via a short tendon, the medial collateral ligament of the femerotibial joint and to the medial condyle of the tibia via an aponeurosis.
| |
| − | :'''Action''': Extends the hop and stifle during weightbearing, facillitating propulsion. When non-weightbearing, adducts and retracts the limb.
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Sartorius'''''
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Femoral n.
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| − | :'''Origin''': Iliac fascia and tendon of the ''psoas minor'' muscle
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Unites with the medial patellar ligament and crural fascia to isnert on the tibial tuberosity
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| − | :'''Action''': Flexes thte hip, advances and adducts the limb. Its union with the fascia crural fascia and fascia of the stifle allos it to also extend the stifle.
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Gracilis'''''
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| − | : Extensive sheet of muscle covering the caudal aspect of the medial thigh
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Obturator n.
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| − | :'''Origin''': Accesspry ligament of the femoral head
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Merges with the crural fascia via an aponeurosis to insert on the tibial crest
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| − | :'''Action''': Adducts the limb, can also move the rump sideways if the foot is on the ground. Aids extension of the stifle.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''Adductor Muscles'''''
| |
| − | : In the horse there are two adductors, the cranial '''short adductor''' muscle and the caudal '''greater adductor''' muscle.
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Obturator n.
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| − | :'''Origin''': Ventral surface of the pelvis and apaneurosis of the ''gracillis'' muscle
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Entire medial aspect of the femur, from the lesser trochanter to the medial condyles, and the medial collateral stifle ligament.
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| − | :'''Action''': Adduct the limb, can also retract the limb and move the rump forward and sideways
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| − | | |
| − | ===Inner Pelvic Muscles===
| |
| − | The inner pelvic muscles are small and lie close to the coxofemoral (hip) joint. They run between the pelvis and trochanteric fossa of the femur.
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Internal Obturator'''''
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| − | : In the horse this muscle has two heads, a small and tendinous '''pubic head''' and a larger '''pelvic head'''.
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Sciatic n.
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| − | :'''Origin''':
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| − | ::Pubic head - Cranial and medial borders of the obturator foramen
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| − | ::Pelvic head - Pelvic symphysis and pelvic aspect of the body of the ilium
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Trochanteric fossa together with the ''gemellus'' muscle, having passed over the lesser sciatic notch
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| − | :'''Action''': Rotates the femur laterally, aids hip extension
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| − | | |
| − | '''''External Obturator'''''
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Obturator n.
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| − | :'''Origin''': Vental surface of pelvis, close to the obturator foramen
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Trochanteric fossa
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| − | :'''Action''': Supinates the femur and adducts the limb
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| − | | |
| − | '''''Gemellus'''''
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| − | : In the horse, these two small muscle bundles are fused and unite partly with the ''internal obturator'' muscle
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| − | :'''Innervation''': Sciatic n.
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| − | :'''Origin''': Ischium
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| − | :'''Insertion''': Trochanteric fossa
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| − | :'''Action''': Aids lateral rotation of the limb
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| | |dragster = [[Equine Crus and Pes Surface Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]] | | |dragster = [[Equine Crus and Pes Surface Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]] |
| | }} | | }} |
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| | + | {{OpenPages}} |
| | + | [[Category:Muscles - Horse Anatomy]] |
