Difference between revisions of "Muscles of the Crus - Horse Anatomy"
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=='''Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus'''== | =='''Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus'''== | ||
| − | These muscles arise from the distal femur or proximal tibia or fibula. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the metatarsals or phalanges. They are innervated by the '''peroneal nerve'''. | + | These muscles arise from the distal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] or proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] tibia or [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsals]] or [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy|phalanges]]. They are innervated by the '''peroneal nerve'''. |
==='''Flexors of the tarsus'''=== | ==='''Flexors of the tarsus'''=== | ||
'''''Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)''''' | '''''Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the tibia | + | :'''Origin''': Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the metatarsal tuberosity. The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second tarsal bones. The medial branch is also known as the '''cunean tendon'''. | + | :'''Insertion''': Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsal tuberosity]]. The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|tarsal bones]]. The medial branch is also known as the '''cunean tendon'''. |
| − | :'''Action''': Flexes the tarsus | + | :'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock) |
| − | :Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the hock. | + | :Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock). |
| − | :In the horse, its fibres join with the third fibular muscle proximal to the tarsus. | + | :In the horse, its fibres join with the ''third fibular muscle'' proximal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]]. |
'''''Peroneus tertius''''' | '''''Peroneus tertius''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the femur | + | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Proximal extremity of the third metatarsal and third tarsal bone. Also the calcaneus and fourth tarsal bones. | + | :'''Insertion''': Proximal extremity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bone. Also the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bones. |
| − | :'''Action''': An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the | + | :'''Action''': An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy|Stay Apparatus]] |
==='''Extensors of the Digits'''=== | ==='''Extensors of the Digits'''=== | ||
'''''Long digital extensor''''' | '''''Long digital extensor''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the femur, shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle | + | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Extensor process of the | + | :'''Insertion''': Extensor process of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal extremities of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]] phalanges |
| − | :'''Action''': Extends the digits, assists in flexing the tarsus | + | :'''Action''': Extends the digits, assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock) |
| − | :Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the hock, and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The tendon of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the third metatarsal (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the suspensory ligament before its insertion. | + | :Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|tendon]] of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the[[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|suspensory ligament]] before its insertion. |
'''''Lateral digital extensor''''' | '''''Lateral digital extensor''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament, proximal fibula, lateral border of the tibia and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the long digital extensor muscle and the long flexor muscle of the first digit. | + | :'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament, proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the ''long digital extensor'' muscle and the ''long flexor muscle of the first digit''. |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Long digital extensor tendon | + | :'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]] |
| − | :'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the long digital extensor. | + | :'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the ''long digital extensor''. |
=='''Caudal Muscles of the Crus'''== | =='''Caudal Muscles of the Crus'''== | ||
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'''''Gastrocnemius''''' | '''''Gastrocnemius''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the femur. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest. | + | :'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest. |
| − | :'''Insertion''': | + | :'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon''' |
| − | :'''Action''': Extends the tarsus, assists in flexing the stifle | + | :'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]], assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]] |
| − | :The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the superficial digital flexor. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the calcaneus. | + | :The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the ''superficial digital flexor''. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]]. |
'''''Soleus''''' | '''''Soleus''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Head of the fibula | + | :'''Origin''': Head of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]] |
| − | :'''Insertion''': | + | :'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon |
| − | :'''Action''': Mainly to assist the gastrocnemius | + | :'''Action''': Mainly to assist the ''gastrocnemius'' |
==='''Flexors of the Digits'''=== | ==='''Flexors of the Digits'''=== | ||
'''''Superficial digital flexor''''' | '''''Superficial digital flexor''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal femur, attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' | + | :'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Calcaneus, the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the | + | :'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|Calcaneus]], the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]], and the distal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] behind the collateral ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|proximal interphalangeal]] (pastern) joint . |
| − | :'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the | + | :'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]]. |
| − | :Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the common cunean tendon which forms the caudal part of the reciprocal apparatus. | + | :Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the '''common cunean tendon''' which forms the caudal part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Reciprocal Mechanism|reciprocal apparatus]]. |
| − | :Widens at the point of the hock to form a cap over the | + | :Widens at the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] to form a cap over the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]]. The calcaneal bursa lies between the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]] and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|superficial digital flexor tendon]]. |
'''''Deep digital flexor''''' | '''''Deep digital flexor''''' | ||
| − | :'''Origin''': | + | :'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], the caudal and medial aspect of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]. |
| − | :'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the | + | :'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], continues as the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] |
| − | :'''Action''': | + | :'''Action''': Flexes the digit |
| − | :The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the tibia, to a third of the way down the metatarsus. | + | :The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]], to a third of the way down the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]]. |
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| + | <rss max="10" filter="equine" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/internal-medicine/webinars/feed</rss> | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:20, 7 December 2022
Introduction
These muscles can be divided into two groups. On the craniolateral aspect of the limb are the flexors of the tarsus and extensors of the digit. On the caudal aspect are the extensors of the tarsus and flexors of the digit.
Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus
These muscles arise from the distal femur or proximal tibia tibia or fibula. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the metatarsals or phalanges. They are innervated by the peroneal nerve.
Flexors of the tarsus
Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)
- Origin: Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the tibia
- Insertion: Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the metatarsal tuberosity. The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second tarsal bones. The medial branch is also known as the cunean tendon.
- Action: Flexes the tarsus (hock)
- Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the tarsus (hock).
- In the horse, its fibres join with the third fibular muscle proximal to the tarsus.
Peroneus tertius
- Origin: Extensor fossa of the femur
- Insertion: Proximal extremity of the third metatarsal and third tarsal bone. Also the calcaneus and fourth tarsal bones.
- Action: An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the Stay Apparatus
Extensors of the Digits
Long digital extensor
- Origin: Extensor fossa of the femur, shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle
- Insertion: Extensor process of the distal phalanx, and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal extremities of the proximal and middle phalanges
- Action: Extends the digits, assists in flexing the tarsus (hock)
- Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the hock , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The tendon of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of thethird metatarsal (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the suspensory ligament before its insertion.
Lateral digital extensor
- Origin: Lateral patella ligament, proximal fibula, lateral border of the tibia and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the long digital extensor muscle and the long flexor muscle of the first digit.
- Insertion: Long digital extensor tendon
- Action: It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the long digital extensor.
Caudal Muscles of the Crus
These are innervated by the tibial nerve.
Extensors of the Tarsus
Gastrocnemius
- Origin: Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the femur. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest.
- Insertion: calcaneus as part of the common calcaneal tendon
- Action: Extends the tarsus, assists in flexing the stifle
- The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the superficial digital flexor. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the calcaneus.
Soleus
- Origin: Head of the fibula
- Insertion: Joins the lateral head of the gastrocnemius to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon
- Action: Mainly to assist the gastrocnemius
Flexors of the Digits
Superficial digital flexor
- Origin: Supracondylar fossa on the caudal femur, attached to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius
- Insertion: Calcaneus, the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the middle phalanx, and the distal extremity of the proximal phalanx behind the collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint .
- Action: Extends the digit, assists in extending the tarsus and flexing the stifle.
- Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the common cunean tendon which forms the caudal part of the reciprocal apparatus.
- Widens at the point of the hock to form a cap over the calcaneal tuberosity. The calcaneal bursa lies between the calcaneal tuberosity and the superficial digital flexor tendon.
Deep digital flexor
- Origin: The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the fibula, the caudal and medial aspect of the tibia.
- Insertion: Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the distal phalanx, continues as the deep digital flexor tendon to insert on the distal phalanx
- Action: Flexes the digit
- The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the tibia, to a third of the way down the metatarsus.
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