Difference between revisions of "Soft Palate"

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<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
 
<big><center>[[Oral Cavity - Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ORAL CAVITY - ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY]]</center></big>
 
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
  
The soft palate (velum palatine) is located caudally to the [[Hard Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|hard palate]]. It is comprised of muscle and is involved in tasting food and in [[deglutition]].
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The soft palate (velum palatine) is located caudally to the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]] and is composed of muscle. It is involved in tasting food and in [[deglutition]].
  
==Functional Anatomy==
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[[Image:Hard and Soft Palate Anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft Palate - Copyright University of Nottingham 2008]]
 +
==Structure and Function==
  
*Muscle
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The soft palate is made of striated palatine muscle and has very folded mucosa. It contacts the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Epiglottis|epiglottis]] caudally.
  
*Contacts [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]] caudally
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[[Image:Soft Palate XS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft Palate Cross-section - Copyright RVC]]
 +
==Musculature and Innervation==
  
*Very folded mucosa
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The soft palate transmits sensation and taste via the glossopharyngeal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]) nerve.
  
==Histology==
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===Palatine muscle===
 +
The origin of the palatine muscle is the hard palate transeverse ridges and the insertion site is the soft palate. The muscle shortens the palate and recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and minor innervation from the glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]). 
  
*Respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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===Tensor velli palatini muscle===
 +
The origin of the tensor velli palatini muscle is  near the tympanic bulla on the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Temporal Bone (os temporale)|temporal bone]]. The insertion site is the lateral aponeurosis. It tenses the soft palate.
 +
[[Image:Pharynx Anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft palate - Copyright C.Clarkson and T.F.Fletcher University of Minnesota]]
  
*[[Palatine|Palatine]] salivary glands
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===Levator velli palatini muscle===
 +
The origin of the levator velli palatini muscle is near the tympanic bulla on the temporal bone. The insertion site is the lateral aponeurosis. It raises the soft palate and recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and minor from the glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]).
  
==Musculature and Innervation==
+
===Palatopharyngeus muscle===
 +
The palatopharyngeus muscle closes the palatopharyngeal arch, and therefore lifts the soft palate. It recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and minor innervation from the glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]).
  
*Sensation and taste from glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
+
==Histology==
 +
[[Image:Soft Palate Mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft Palate (Mouse) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
 +
The soft palate contains respiratory mucosa - '''ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium''' on the aboral surface. There is '''stratified squamous epithelium''' on the oral surface. The soft palate also contains [[Palatine Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|palatine]] salivary glands.
  
*Palatine muscle
+
==Species Differences==
    -Origin: hard palate transeverse ridges
 
    -Insertion: soft palate
 
    -Shortens palate
 
    -Major innervation from vagus nerve (CN X) and minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX)
 
 
 
*Tensor velli palatini
 
    -Origin: near tympanic bulla on temporal bone
 
    -Insertion: lateral aponeurosis
 
    -Pharyngeal arch 1
 
    -Mandibular of trigeminal (CN V3)
 
    -Tenses soft palate
 
 
 
*Levator velli palatini
 
    -Origin: near tympanic bulla on temporal bone
 
    -Insertion: lateral aponeurosis
 
    -Raises soft palate
 
    -Major innervation from vagus nerve (CN X) and minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX)
 
  
*Palatopharyngeus
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===Porcine===
    -closes palatopharyngeal arch and therefore lift soft palate
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The soft palate does not contact the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Epiglottis|epiglottis]] as the porcine soft palate is raised higher in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity ]] than in other species.
    -Major innervation from vagus nerve (CN X) and minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX)
 
  
 +
===Equine===
 +
The tight laryngeal cuff around the laryngeal entrance, and therefore the soft palate cannot be raised for long periods of time and thus horses are nasal breathers. Laryngeal cuffing prevents [[Vomiting|vomiting]].
  
==Species Differences==
+
===Canine===
 +
As brachiocephalic breeds have a shortened skull length, the soft palate can often obstruct air flow into the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|larynx]] causing breathing difficulties.
  
*Soft palate does not contact the epiglottis in the pig as the porcine soft palate is raised higher in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity ]] than in other species
+
===Avian===
 +
Birds lack a soft palate.
  
*Horses have a tight laryngeal cuff around the laryngeal entrance therefore cannot lift their soft palate for long periods of time and thus are nasal breathers
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{{Learning
 +
|flashcards= [[Soft Palate Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards]]<br>[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial muscle]]
 +
|powerpoints= [[Oral Cavity Histology resource|Histology of the oral cavity - part 1 features the soft palate]]
 +
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00954.asp Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome]
 +
[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Technique/teq00674.asp Cleft Palate Repair]
 +
[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Freeform/fre00744.asp Radiology of Upper Airways]
 +
[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Freeform/fre00616.asp Soft Palate Elongated]
 +
[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Technique/teq00653.asp Soft Palate Resection]
 +
}}
  
*As brachiocephalic dog breeds have a shortened skull length, the soft palate often obstruct air flow into the larynx causing breathing difficulties
+
==Webinars==
 +
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
  
==Links==
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[[Category:Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology]]

Latest revision as of 16:48, 3 January 2023

Introduction

The soft palate (velum palatine) is located caudally to the hard palate and is composed of muscle. It is involved in tasting food and in deglutition.

Soft Palate - Copyright University of Nottingham 2008

Structure and Function

The soft palate is made of striated palatine muscle and has very folded mucosa. It contacts the epiglottis caudally.

Soft Palate Cross-section - Copyright RVC

Musculature and Innervation

The soft palate transmits sensation and taste via the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve.

Palatine muscle

The origin of the palatine muscle is the hard palate transeverse ridges and the insertion site is the soft palate. The muscle shortens the palate and recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X) and minor innervation from the glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX).

Tensor velli palatini muscle

The origin of the tensor velli palatini muscle is near the tympanic bulla on the temporal bone. The insertion site is the lateral aponeurosis. It tenses the soft palate.

Soft palate - Copyright C.Clarkson and T.F.Fletcher University of Minnesota

Levator velli palatini muscle

The origin of the levator velli palatini muscle is near the tympanic bulla on the temporal bone. The insertion site is the lateral aponeurosis. It raises the soft palate and recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X) and minor from the glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX).

Palatopharyngeus muscle

The palatopharyngeus muscle closes the palatopharyngeal arch, and therefore lifts the soft palate. It recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X) and minor innervation from the glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX).

Histology

Soft Palate (Mouse) - Copyright RVC 2008

The soft palate contains respiratory mucosa - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium on the aboral surface. There is stratified squamous epithelium on the oral surface. The soft palate also contains palatine salivary glands.

Species Differences

Porcine

The soft palate does not contact the epiglottis as the porcine soft palate is raised higher in the oral cavity than in other species.

Equine

The tight laryngeal cuff around the laryngeal entrance, and therefore the soft palate cannot be raised for long periods of time and thus horses are nasal breathers. Laryngeal cuffing prevents vomiting.

Canine

As brachiocephalic breeds have a shortened skull length, the soft palate can often obstruct air flow into the larynx causing breathing difficulties.

Avian

Birds lack a soft palate.


Soft Palate Learning Resources
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Vetstream
To reach the Vetstream content, please select
Canis, Felis, Lapis or Equis
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Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions
Soft Palate Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Facial muscle
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PowerPoint
Selection of relevant PowerPoint tutorials
Histology of the oral cavity - part 1 features the soft palate


Webinars

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