Difference between revisions of "Taylorella equigenitalis"

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*Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease
 
*Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease
 
*Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection
 
*Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection
[[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]][[Category:Horse]]
+
[[Category:Bacteria miscelaneous]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]][[Category:Horse]]

Revision as of 11:35, 17 May 2010


Overview

  • Causes contagious equine metritis
  • Found in genital tracts of stallions, mares and foals
  • Found in urethral fossa of stallions and clitoral fossa of mares
  • Disrupts breeding programs on thouroughbred stud farms
  • UK free from contagious equine metritis


Characteristics

  • Short, non-motile Gram-negative rod
  • Catalase, oxidase and phosphatase postitive
  • Microaerophilic
  • Grows slowly
  • Fastidious growth - requires chocolate agar and 5-10% carbon dioxide for growth
  • No growth on MacConkey


Pathogenesis and pathogenicity

  • Transmission during coitus or via contaminated instruments
  • Semenal fluid contaminated with T. equigenitalis from the urethral fossa
  • Deposition in uterus required for infection to establish
  • Bacteria replicate in uterus and cause acute endometritis
  • Initial influx of mononuclear cells and plasma cells, followed by neutrophils, which cause a mucopurulent discharge
  • Acute endometrial changes only last a few days


Clinical infections

  • Contagious equine metritis
  • Highly contagious venereal disease of thorougbred horses
  • Infected stallions and mares are a reservoir of infection
  • Stallions and some mares asymptomatic
  • Mucopurulent vulval discharge and temporary infertility in mares after service with a carrier stallion
  • Inflammation of uterus hinders implanation
  • Discharge may continue for 2 weeks, and mares may remain infertile for several weeks
  • Mares may recover without treatment; 25% become carriers
  • Re-infection can occur
  • Foals become infected in utero or during parturition
  • Infected foals and mares that recover clinically may be a source of infection


Diagnosis

  • Specimens for bacteriology:
    • Mares: swabs from clitoral fossa and sinuses and endometrium during oestrus
    • Fillies: swabs from clitoral fossa
    • Colts: penile sheath and tip of penis
    • Stallions: swabs from urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid
  • Place swabs in charcoal transport medium
  • Isolation on chocolate agar with amphotericin B, crystal violet and streptomycin
  • Small, smooth, yello-grey colonies
  • Slide agglutination test
  • Fluorescent antibody test
  • Latex agglutination
  • PCR
  • Serology only detects active infection

Treatment and control

  • Wash external genitalia of mares and stallions with 2% chlorhexidine combined with antimicrobials
  • Lavage uterus with a penicillin-containing solution daily for 5-7 days in mares
  • Ablation of clitoral sinuses in persistently-infected mares
  • Notifiable disease
  • Laboratory detection of carrier animals and clinical infections
  • Hygiene
  • Stop breeding if CEM diagnosed on stud farm
  • Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease
  • Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection