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===2===

===2===

*'''2-D Electrophoresis''' - a method of gel electrophoresis used to seperate molecules using two properties, on the one hand a difference in size and the other a difference in charge. Currently used as a precursor to proteomics

*'''2-D Electrophoresis''' - a method of gel electrophoresis used to seperate molecules using two properties, on the one hand a difference in size and the other a difference in charge. Currently used as a precursor to proteomics

*'''Affinity chromatography''' - a chromatogrphic method based on the highly specific reactions of antigen and antibody. Mainly used for the extraction of monospecific (polyclonal) antibodies and the depletion of cross-reacting antibodies  

*'''Affinity chromatography''' - a chromatogrphic method based on the highly specific reactions of antigen and antibody. Mainly used for the extraction of monospecific (polyclonal) antibodies and the depletion of cross-reacting antibodies  

*'''Agar gel immunodiffusion''' - see Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion

*'''Agar gel immunodiffusion''' - see Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion

*'''Alopecia''' - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present  

*'''Anagen''' - growth phase of hair cycle

*'''Alopecia''' - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present

*'''Anagen''' - growth phase of hair cycle  

*[[Aldosterone| '''Aldosterone''']] - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct

*[[Aldosterone| '''Aldosterone''']] - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct

*[[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology #Posterior Pituitary Gland | '''ADH - Anti diuretic hormone''']] - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

*[[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology #Posterior Pituitary Gland | '''ADH - Anti diuretic hormone''']] - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

*'''Astrocytosis''' - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia)

*'''Astrocytosis''' - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia)

*'''Astrogliosis (or gliosis)''' - Increased numbers of glial fibers

*'''Astrogliosis (or gliosis)''' - Increased numbers of glial fibers

*[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Atrial Natriuretic Peptide|'''Atrial Natriuretic Peptide''']] - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high.  It affects the renal handling of sodium and water.

*[[Atrial Natriuretic Peptide|'''Atrial Natriuretic Peptide''']] - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high.  It affects the renal handling of sodium and water.

*'''Autoinfection''' - establishment of the products of sexual reproduction in the individual animal they were formed

*'''Autoinfection''' - establishment of the products of sexual reproduction in the individual animal they were formed

===B===

===B===

*'''Bacterium permeability increasing factor''' - a lipopolysaccharide binding protein produced by granulocytes resulting in the permeability of bacteria

*'''Bacterium permeability increasing factor''' - a lipopolysaccharide binding protein produced by granulocytes resulting in the permeability of bacteria

*'''Basophylic granulocytes''' - small population of leukocytes found in the blood that are readily stainable with basic dyes (also known as a '''basophil''')

*'''Basophilic granulocytes''' - small population of leukocytes found in the blood that are readily stainable with basic dyes (also known as a '''basophil''')

*'''Beta-2-Microglobulin''' - a cellular glycoprotein that binds non-covalently to the alpha chain of the MHC-classI molecule to form a stable molecule complex

*'''Beta-2-Microglobulin''' - a cellular glycoprotein that binds non-covalently to the alpha chain of the MHC-classI molecule to form a stable molecule complex

*'''Bioassay''' - a scientific experiment/test using living materials (cells, laboratory animals)

*'''Bioassay''' - a scientific experiment/test using living materials (cells, laboratory animals)

*'''Blot/to blot''' - method of transfering proteins from a gel onto a film

*'''Blot/to blot''' - method of transfering proteins from a gel onto a film

*'''Bottle jaw''' - describes the jaw line as it is seen in cattle suffering from Johne's disease

*'''Bottle jaw''' - describes the jaw line as it is seen in cattle suffering from Johne's disease

*'''Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD)''' - lethal disease of bovines due to the lack of leukocytal integrin. As a result neutrophils do not adhere to the endothelium and are therefor not able to challenge bacterial caused inflammations

*'''Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD)''' - lethal disease of bovines due to the lack of leukocytal integrin. As a result [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] do not adhere to the endothelium and are therefor not able to challenge bacterial caused inflammations

*'''Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)''' - flu like bovine disease

*'''Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)''' - flu like bovine disease

*'''Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)''' - causative pathogen of BVD and mucosal disease

*'''Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)''' - causative pathogen of BVD and mucosal disease

*'''Bursa of Fabricius''' - site of haematopoesis in birds and necessary for the maturation of B-cells. The bursa develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca (lat. ''bursa fabricii'')

*'''Bursa of Fabricius''' - site of haematopoesis in birds and necessary for the maturation of B-cells. The bursa develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca (lat. ''bursa fabricii'')

*'''B-cells''' - a subgroup of lymphocytes and precursor to antibody producing cells. Also known as B-lymphocyte

*'''B-cells''' - a subgroup of lymphocytes and precursor to antibody producing cells. Also known as B-lymphocyte

*'''B-cell antigen receptor''' - receptor found on B-cells that identifies antigens usually composed of monoclonal IgM but occationally monoclonal IgD. Each B-cell has only one IgM antigen receptor and one IgD receptor of the same specificity

*'''B-cell antigen receptor''' - receptor found on B-cells that identifies antigens usually composed of monoclonal [[IgM]] but occationally monoclonal [[IgD]]. Each B-cell has only one [[IgM]] antigen receptor and one [[IgD]] receptor of the same specificity

===C===

===C===

*'''Direct life-cycle''' - no intermediate host

*'''Direct life-cycle''' - no intermediate host

*'''Diuresis''' - An increased production of Urine

*'''Diuresis''' - An increased production of Urine

*[[The Effects of Diuretics on the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Diuretic''']] - A drug which acts on the tubule to reduce the reabsorption of water and thus increases urine volume

*[[Diuretics Effects on Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Diuretic''']] - A drug which acts on the tubule to reduce the reabsorption of water and thus increases urine volume

*'''Dot histogram''' - Statistical chart used for plotting continuous, quantitative, univariate data, showing frequency distribution against a range of parameters

*'''Dot histogram''' - Statistical chart used for plotting continuous, quantitative, univariate data, showing frequency distribution against a range of parameters

*'''Dot plot''' - Statistical chart used for plotting continuous, quantitative, univariate data, each result being displayed as a dot in a two dimentional chart

*'''Dot plot''' - Statistical chart used for plotting continuous, quantitative, univariate data, each result being displayed as a dot in a two dimentional chart

*'''Erosion''' - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring

*'''Erosion''' - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring

*'''Erythema''' - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries

*'''Erythema''' - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries

*[[Erythropoiesis - WikiBlood#Regulation|'''Erythropoietin''']] - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] to stimulate [[Erythrocytes - WikiBlood|erythrocyte]] (red blood cell) production.

*[[Erythropoiesis#Regulation|'''Erythropoietin''']] - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] to stimulate [[Erythrocytes|erythrocyte]] (red blood cell) production.

*[[Introduction to Fluid Movement - Physiology#Extracellular Fluid|'''Extracellular Fluid (ECF)''']] - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph

*[[Fluid Movement - Physiology#Extracellular Fluid|'''Extracellular Fluid (ECF)''']] - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph

*'''Gemistocytic astrocytosis''' - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate

*'''Gemistocytic astrocytosis''' - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate

*'''Generation Time''' - time taken for one generation to complete its life cycle

*'''Generation Time''' - time taken for one generation to complete its life cycle

*[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Function of the Renal Corpuscle|'''Glomerular Filtration Barrier''']] - This structure is responsible for the selective filtration of the blood in the glomerulus.  It is made up of three layers.

*[[Glomerular Apparatus and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology#Function of the Renal Corpuscle|'''Glomerular Filtration Barrier''']] - This structure is responsible for the selective filtration of the blood in the glomerulus.  It is made up of three layers.

*[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|'''Glomerular Filtration Rate''']] - The volume of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the bowmans capsule every minute.

*[[Glomerular Apparatus and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|'''Glomerular Filtration Rate''']] - The volume of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the bowmans capsule every minute.

*[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology|'''Glomerulus''']] - A mass of anastomsing capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule. The function of the glomerulus is to filter components of the blood before they pass to the tubules. The filtrate that is formed consists of water and low molecular weight constituents. The afferent arteriole supplies the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole drains it.

*[[Glomerular Apparatus and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Glomerulus''']] - A mass of anastomsing capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule. The function of the glomerulus is to filter components of the blood before they pass to the tubules. The filtrate that is formed consists of water and low molecular weight constituents. The afferent arteriole supplies the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole drains it.

*'''Growth factors''' - Various chemicals particularly polypeptides, that have a variety of important roles in the stimulation of new cell growth and cell maintenance

*'''Growth factors''' - Various chemicals particularly polypeptides, that have a variety of important roles in the stimulation of new cell growth and cell maintenance

===I===

===I===

*'''Indirect life-cycle''' - intermediate host is involved in the life-cycle

*'''Indirect life-cycle''' - intermediate host is involved in the life-cycle

*'''Intermediate host''' - a host (other than the final host) in which development of the parasite occurs (usually an essential part of the life cycle)

*'''Intermediate host''' - a host (other than the final host) in which development of the parasite occurs (usually an essential part of the life cycle)

===J===

===J===

===M===

===M===

*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|'''Macula Densa''']] - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via [[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)|tubuloglomerular feedback]]

*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|'''Macula Densa''']] - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via tubuloglomerular feedback

*'''Macule''' - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter

*'''Macule''' - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter

*'''Malacia''' - Necrosis

*'''Malacia''' - Necrosis

*'''Medullary Ray''' - Middle part of a renal lobule.  Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct.  They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located.

*'''Medullary Ray''' - Middle part of a renal lobule.  Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct.  They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located.

*[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Micturition''']] - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine

*[[Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Micturition''']] - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine

*'''Meningitis''' - Inflammation of the Meninges

*'''Meningitis''' - Inflammation of the Meninges

*'''Meningo''' - Of the Meninges

*'''Meningo''' - Of the Meninges

===N===

===N===

*'''Natriuresis''' - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine

*'''Natriuresis''' - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine

*[[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Nephron''']] - The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscule and renal tubule.

*[[:Category:Nephron|'''Nephron''']] - The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscule and renal tubule.

*'''Nodule''' - Large, cicumscibed solid elevation usually extending into deeper layers

*'''Nodule''' - Large, cicumscibed solid elevation usually extending into deeper layers

*'''Nymph''' - immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically similar to the adult

*'''Nymph''' - immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically similar to the adult

*'''Oligodentrocyte''' - a specialised glial cell of the central nervous system responsible for producing the myelin sheaths found around the neurons

*'''Oligodentrocyte''' - a specialised glial cell of the central nervous system responsible for producing the myelin sheaths found around the neurons

*'''Opportunistic pathogen''' - a commensal pathogen that does not cause disease unless the hosts immune sytem is compromised

*'''Opportunistic pathogen''' - a commensal pathogen that does not cause disease unless the hosts immune sytem is compromised

*'''Opsonization''' - the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte usually involving IgG as well as complement factors

*'''Opsonization''' - the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte usually involving [[IgG]] as well as complement factors

*'''Osborndale Ivanhoe''' - name of the bull in which the BLAD mutation was first identified. He lived in the 1950's in the USA

*'''Osborndale Ivanhoe''' - name of the bull in which the BLAD mutation was first identified. He lived in the 1950's in the USA

*'''Osmolality''' - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent

*'''Osmolality''' - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent

*[[Introduction to Fluid Movement - Physiology#Osmolarity|'''Osmolarity''']] - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions

*[[Fluid Movement - Physiology#Osmolarity|'''Osmolarity''']] - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions

*'''Osmole''' - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which  

*'''Osmole''' - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which  

*[[Osmosis and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Osmosis''']] - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane

*[[Osmosis and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Osmosis''']] - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane

*'''Predilection site''' - parasites establish at a particular anatomical site ot in a particular tissue

*'''Predilection site''' - parasites establish at a particular anatomical site ot in a particular tissue

*'''Prepatent period''' - time from infection of the host to the appearance of eggs or larvae in faeces, blood or urine

*'''Prepatent period''' - time from infection of the host to the appearance of eggs or larvae in faeces, blood or urine

*[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Pressure Diuresis|'''Pressure Diuresis''']] - Increasing blood pressure increases urinary output

*[[Kidney Control of Blood Pressure - Anatomy & Physiology#Pressure Diuresis|'''Pressure Diuresis''']] - Increasing blood pressure increases urinary output

*[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Pressure Natriuresis|'''Pressure Natriuresis''']] - When blood pressure is increased sodium reabsorption decreases. This helps to restore blood pressure back to normal

*[[Kidney Control of Blood Pressure - Anatomy & Physiology#Pressure Natriuresis|'''Pressure Natriuresis''']] - When blood pressure is increased sodium reabsorption decreases. This helps to restore blood pressure back to normal

*'''Pruritis''' - intense and persistent itching

*'''Pruritis''' - intense and persistent itching

*'''Pustule''' - small circumscribed elevation containing pus

*'''Pustule''' - small circumscribed elevation containing pus

===Q===

===Q===

 

===R===

===R===

*'''Refugia''' - sites where parasites escape exposure to anitparasitic drugs that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of that species

*'''Refugia''' - sites where parasites escape exposure to anitparasitic drugs that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of that species

*'''Renal Clearance''' - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood.

*'''Renal Clearance''' - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood.

*[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology|'''Renal Corpuscule''']] - Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, a single layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) resting on a basement membrane.

*[[Glomerular Apparatus and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Renal Corpuscule''']] - Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, a single layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) resting on a basement membrane.

*[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobe''']] - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it.  A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these

*[[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobe''']] - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it.  A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these

*[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobule''']] - Groups of these make up a renal lobe.  It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct

*[[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobule''']] - Groups of these make up a renal lobe.  It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct

*[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Pyramid''']] - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section.  They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.

*[[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Pyramid''']] - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section.  They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.

*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose#Filtration and Reabsorption|'''Renal Threshold''']] - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine

*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose#Filtration and Reabsorption|'''Renal Threshold''']] - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine

*[[The Endocrine Function of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Renin|'''Renin''']] - A proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the kidney that plays a role in the regulation of  blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

*[[Kidney Endocrine Function - Anatomy & Physiology#Renin|'''Renin''']] - A proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the kidney that plays a role in the regulation of  blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

*'''Reservoir host''' - infected definitive host which can act as a source of infection for other animals

*'''Reservoir host''' - infected definitive host which can act as a source of infection for other animals

*'''Resilience''' - ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection

*'''Resilience''' - ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection

*'''TAP''' - transporter of antigenic peptides, mediates the transport of fractions of antibodies into the endoplasmic reticulum

*'''TAP''' - transporter of antigenic peptides, mediates the transport of fractions of antibodies into the endoplasmic reticulum

*'''Taqman''' - instrument used for measuring real time PCR or real time RT-PCR

*'''Taqman''' - instrument used for measuring real time PCR or real time RT-PCR

*'''Telencephalon''' - Cerebral hemispheres

*'''Telencephalon''' - Cerebral hemispheres

*'''Telogen''' - resting phase of hair cycle

*'''Telogen''' - resting phase of hair cycle

*'''Temporary parasite''' - only visits the animal to feed

*'''Temporary parasite''' - only visits the animal to feed

*'''Tetramer''' - a compound consisting of four subunits of identical MHC molecules carrying four of the same porteins marked with fluorescent dye. Used for quantifying the percentage of antigen (in this case tetramer) specific cells

*'''Tetramer''' - a compound consisting of four subunits of identical MHC molecules carrying four of the same porteins marked with fluorescent dye. Used for quantifying the percentage of antigen (in this case tetramer) specific cells

*'''TGF beta like-receptors''' - group of receptors all with a similar structure to the TGF beta receptor

*'''TGF beta receptor family''' - group of receptors all with similar structure to TGF beta receptor

*'''Thermphilic actinomycetes''' - a type of fungy commonly found in mouldy hay. The species commonly found is ''Micropolyspora faeni'' due to its particularly small spores that can travel deep into the airways

*'''Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)''' cytokine with antiinflammatory and immunosupressing properties

*'''Transplacental''' - Scientific term for passing through the placenta crossing the physical and biological barriers

*'''Transplacental''' - Scientific term for passing through the placenta crossing the physical and biological barriers

*'''Transport host''' - loose association in which the parasite is carried by the host

*'''Transport host''' - loose association in which the parasite is carried by the host

*'''Tubule - renal''' - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts.  The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate.  The tubule consists of 4 main areas:  the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology| Proximal Tubule]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology| Loop Of Henle]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule| Distal Tubule]] and the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology| Collecting Duct]].

*'''Tubule - renal''' - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts.  The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate.  The tubule consists of 4 main areas:  the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology| Proximal Tubule]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology| Loop Of Henle]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule| Distal Tubule]] and the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology| Collecting Duct]].

===U===

===U===