Changes

Also Known As – '''''EP - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection'''''

Also Known As: '''''EP — Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection'''''

Caused By – ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]''

Caused By: ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs(Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)]]

[[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)]]

Enzootic pneumonia in pigs is a '''chronic, multimodal [[Respiratory System|respiratory]] disease''' of pigs caused by '''''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae''''' and in many other cases, also other pathogens such as '''[[Pasteurellosis - Pigs|''Pasteurella multocida'']], [[Streptococcal Pneumonia - Pigs|''Streptococcus suis'']], ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'' and [[Actinobacillosis - Pig|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']].'''

Enzootic pneumonia in pigs is a '''chronic, multimodal [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig|respiratory disease]]''' of pigs caused by '''''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]''''' and in many other cases, also other pathogens such as '''''[[Pasteurella multocida]]'', ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'', ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]''''' and '''''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]''.'''

Enzootic pneumonia can also be a component of '''Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex''', when combined with '''[[Porcine Circoviruses|Porcine Circovirus]] and/or [[Swine Influenza]].'''

Enzootic pneumonia can also be a component of '''Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex''', when combined with '''[[Porcine Circoviruses|Porcine Circovirus]] and/or [[Swine Influenza]].'''

'''Worldwide'''. ''M. hyopneumoniae'' is ubiquitous in all significant pig producing regions globally.

'''Worldwide'''. ''M. hyopneumoniae'' is ubiquitous in all significant pig producing regions globally.

Transmission is mainly from infected animals, which can be '''horizontal between penmates or vertical from sows'''. <ref name = "Rautiainen">Rautiainen, E., Oravainen, J., Virolainen, J. V., Tuovinen, V (2001) '''Regional eradication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from pig herds and documentation of freedom of the disease.''' Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42(3):355-364; 29</ref> It can also be airborne. <ref> Stärk, K. D. C., Nicolet, J., Frey, J (1998) '''Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by air sampling with a nested PCR assay.''' Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 64(2):543-548; 27</ref>

Transmission is mainly from infected animals, which can be '''horizontal between penmates or vertical from sows'''. <ref name = "Rautiainen">Rautiainen, E., Oravainen, J., Virolainen, J. V., Tuovinen, V (2001) '''Regional eradication of ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' from pig herds and documentation of freedom of the disease.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 42(3):355-364; 29</ref> It can also be airborne. <ref> Stärk, K. D. C., Nicolet, J., Frey, J (1998) '''Detection of ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' by air sampling with a nested PCR assay.''' ''Applied & Environmental Microbiology'', 64(2):543-548; 27</ref>

Due to the '''fastidious''' nature of the organism, transmission between herds across any great distance is unusual.

Due to the '''fastidious''' nature of the organism, transmission between herds across any great distance is unusual.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

The respiratory disease cases '''tachypnoea, hyperpnoea, dyspnoea and coughing.'''

The respiratory disease cases '''tachypnoea, hyperpnoea, dyspnoea and coughing.''' Before manifestation of respiratory disease, '''low productivity and reduced growth rates''' may be seen in young animals.

 

Before manifestation of respiratory disease, '''low productivity and reduced growth rates''' may be seen in young animals.

Although signs are unusual in pigs <6-8 weeks of age, concurrent infection with [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome|PRRS]] can cause earlier clinical disease.

Although signs are unusual in pigs <6-8 weeks of age, concurrent infection with [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome|PRRS]] can cause earlier clinical disease.

'''Culture and isolation''' are the gold standard but are difficult. See ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'' for more details.  

'''Culture and isolation''' are the gold standard but are difficult. See ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'' for more details.  

'''PCR''' can confirm the presence of the bacterium in the nasal cavity, <ref>Kurth, K. T., Hsu, T., Snook, E. R., Thacker, E. L., Thacker, B. J., Minion, F. C (2002) '''Use of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae nested polymerase chain reaction test to determine the optimal sampling sites in swine.''' J Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 14(6):463-469; 25</ref> or from '''lung tissue or bronchial washings'''. The latter two are the most reliable materials. Nested PCR requires very few organisms to be present for a positive result.

'''PCR''' can confirm the presence of the bacterium in the nasal cavity, <ref>Kurth, K. T., Hsu, T., Snook, E. R., Thacker, E. L., Thacker, B. J., Minion, F. C (2002) '''Use of a ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' nested polymerase chain reaction test to determine the optimal sampling sites in swine.''' ''J Vet Diagnostic Investigation'', 14(6):463-469; 25</ref> or from '''lung tissue or bronchial washings'''. The latter two are the most reliable materials. Nested PCR requires very few organisms to be present for a positive result.

'''Indirect ELISA''' is the most effective and commonly used test for detecting antibodies to ''M. hyopneumoniae''. Sensitivity is low but specificity high. Colostrum can also be tested for antibodies which may provide a premonitory tool.

'''Indirect [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]''' is the most effective and commonly used test for detecting antibodies to ''M. hyopneumoniae''. Sensitivity is low but specificity high. Colostrum can also be tested for antibodies which may provide a premonitory tool.

'''Fluorescent antibody tests (FAT) or Immunohistochemistry (IHC)''' can also be performed using fixed or frozen tissue samples. It is essential that ciliated epithelial cells are included for this type of analysis.

'''[[FAT|Fluorescent antibody tests (FAT)]] or Immunohistochemistry (IHC)''' can also be performed using fixed or frozen tissue samples. It is essential that ciliated epithelial cells are included for this type of analysis.

At '''post-mortem, purple-grey consolidated areas are evident''', particularly in the ventral portions of the cranial and middle lobes and the cranioventral portions of the caudal lobes. Lesions become more widespread as disease progresses. Lymph node enlargement and catarrhal exudate often accompany these pathological changes.  

At '''post-mortem, purple-grey consolidated areas are evident''', particularly in the ventral portions of the cranial and middle lobes and the cranioventral portions of the caudal lobes. Lesions become more widespread as disease progresses. Lymph node enlargement and catarrhal exudate often accompany these pathological changes.  

'''Vaccination''' is the most effective and common method of control of clinical disease, reducing severity and transmission of EP.

'''Vaccination''' is the most effective and common method of control of clinical disease, reducing severity and transmission of EP.

Antibiotics, typically '''quinolones''', can help to control disease but do not usually eliminate the organism or help lesions to recover. Other antibiotics appear to be bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal. Resistance to tetracyclines has been reported. <ref>Maes, D., Verdonck, M., Deluyker, H., De Kruif, A (1996) '''Enzootic pneumonia in pigs'''. Vet Quart, 18:104-9</ref>

Antibiotics, typically '''quinolones''', can help to control disease but do not usually eliminate the organism or help lesions to recover. Other antibiotics appear to be bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal. Resistance to tetracyclines has been reported. <ref>Maes, D., Verdonck, M., Deluyker, H., De Kruif, A (1996) '''Enzootic pneumonia in pigs'''. ''Vet Quart'', 18:104-9</ref>

'''Eradication strategies''' have been employed using partial depopulation and preventing entry of animals under 10 months of age. These have been successful in various European countries. <ref name="Rautiainen" /> Even after successful eradication though, reinfection is still common.

'''Eradication strategies''' have been employed using partial depopulation and preventing entry of animals under 10 months of age. These have been successful in various European countries. <ref name="Rautiainen" /> Even after successful eradication though, reinfection is still common.

The other key tool in control is '''vaccination'''. Adjuvanted membrane vaccines and whole cell vaccines are available.

The other key tool in control is '''vaccination'''. Adjuvanted membrane vaccines and whole cell vaccines are available.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Enzootic Pneumonia  -  Pigs Flashcards|Enzootic Pneumonia in Pigs Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Enzootic Pneumonia  -  Pigs Flashcards|Enzootic Pneumonia in Pigs Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Enzootic Pneumonia of pigs datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Enzootic Pneumonia of pigs datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'' datasheet''', accessed 25/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

 

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]]

[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]]