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Also known as: ''''' Cold-water vibriosis '''''—'''''Haemorrhagic syndrome '''''— ''''' Hitra disease'''''—'''''Red pest of eels '''''— ''''' Vibrio infections in fish'''''.
Also known as: ''''' Cold-water vibriosis '''''—'''''Haemorrhagic syndrome '''''— ''''' Hitra disease'''''—'''''Red pest of eels '''''— ''''' Vibrio infections in fish'''''.
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Vibriosis is one of the '''most prevalent fish diseases''' and is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus ''Vibrio''. One of the most important strain is '''''Vibrio anguillarum''''' which is of major importance to '''salmonid fish''' culture industry and is also known as '''Red pest of eels'''. ''V. anguillarum'' has been divided into two separate biotypes of which ''V. anguillarum biotype II'' has been renamed and classified as a new species ''Vibrio ordalii''. It casues haemorrhagic septicaemia and leucopenia.
Vibriosis is one of the '''most prevalent fish diseases''' and is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus ''Vibrio''. One of the most important strain is '''''Vibrio anguillarum''''' which is of major importance to '''salmonid fish''' culture industry and is also known as '''Red pest of eels'''. ''V. anguillarum'' has been divided into two separate biotypes of which ''V. anguillarum biotype II'' has been renamed and classified as a new species ''Vibrio ordalii''. It casues '''haemorrhagic septicaemia and leucopenia'''.
Other members of the genus ''Vibrio'' have been associated with vibriosis outbreaks in fish and shellfish (molluscs and crustacean)and these include; ''V.salmonicida'', ''V.damsela'', ''V.vulnificus biotype II'', ''V.tubiashii'' ,''V. carchariae'', ''V. splendidus'' and ''V. pelagius''.
Other members of the genus ''Vibrio'' have been associated with vibriosis outbreaks in fish and shellfish (molluscs and crustacean)and these include; ''V.salmonicida'', ''V.damsela'', ''V.vulnificus biotype II'', ''V.tubiashii'' ,''V. carchariae'', ''V. splendidus'' and ''V. pelagius''.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Clincial signs of vibriosis are haemorrhage to intestines, body cavity, spleen and muscle, distended mucoid and necrotic intestine and petechiation, erosion and darkended colouration to the skin and fins. Changes to the eyes include distension and cloudiness and periorbital swelling occurs. White/grey lesions can be found on the intestines and spleen and in fry, splenomegaly can be seen.
Clincial signs of vibriosis are '''haemorrhage''' to intestines, body cavity, spleen and muscle, '''distended mucoid and necrotic intestine''' and petechiation, erosion and '''darkended colouration''' to the '''skin''' and '''fins'''. Changes to the eyes include '''distension and cloudiness and periorbital swelling''' occurs. White/grey lesions can be found on the intestines and spleen and '''in fry, splenomegaly''' can be seen.
V. damsela and V.vulnificus causes severe, progressive necrotizing infection in humans.
''V. damsela'' and ''V.vulnificus'' causes '''severe, progressive necrotizing infection in humans'''.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Presumptive diagnosis can be made from clinical signs especially characteristic red spots, swollen and dark lesions on the skin that bleed and ophthalmic changes; aAlthough some acute and severe cases die without clinical signs. With V.anguillarum more severe pathology is seen in the descending gastrointestinal tract as the conditions become more alkaline. Most tissues are septic with no evidence of phagocytosis.
Presumptive diagnosis can be made from clinical signs especially characteristic red spots, swollen and dark lesions on the skin that bleed and ophthalmic changes; although some acute and severe cases die without clinical signs. With ''V.anguillarum'' more '''severe pathology''' is seen in the '''descending gastrointestinal tract''' as the conditions become more alkaline. Most tissues are septic with no evidence of phagocytosis.
Identification methods include a culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides
Identification methods include a '''culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides'''<ref name="Shewan et al., 1954">Shewan, J., Hodgkiss, W., Liston, J., (1954) '''A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli.''' ''Nature'', 173:208-209.</ref>, <ref name="Larsen, 1983">Larsen, J.L., (1983) '''Vibrio anguillarum: a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 24(4):456-476.</ref>, <ref name="Tassin et al., 1983">Tassin, M.G., Siebling, R.J., Roberts, N.C., Larson, A.D., (1983) '''Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H antiserum.''' ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 18:400-407.</ref>, <ref name="Rehnstam et al., 1989">Rehnstam, A.S., Norqvist, A., Wolf-Watz, H., Hagström, Å., (1989) '''Identification of Vibrio anguillarum in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 55(8):1907-1910.</ref>, <ref name="Alsina et al., 1994">Alsina, M., Picado-Martinez, J., Jofre, J., Blanch, A.R., (1994) '''A medium for presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60:1681-1683.</ref>, <ref name="Martinez-Picado et al., 1994">Martínez-Picado, J., Blanch, A.R., Jofre, J., (1994) '''Rapid detection and identification of Vibrio anguillarum by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60(2):732-737.</ref>.
Larsen, 1983; Larsen JL, 1983. Vibrio anguillarum: a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 24(4):456-476.
Tassin et al., 1983; Tassin MG, Siebling RJ, Roberts NC, Larson AD, 1983. Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H antiserum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 18:400-407.
Rehnstam et al., 1989; Rehnstam AS, Norqvist A, Wolf-Watz H, Hagström Å, 1989. Identification of Vibrio anguillarum in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(8):1907-1910.
Alsina et al., 1994; Alsina M, Picado-Martinez J, Jofre J, Blanch AR, 1994. A medium for presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60:1681-1683.
Martinez-Picado et al., 1994). Martínez-Picado J, Blanch AR, Jofre J, 1994. Rapid detection and identification of Vibrio anguillarum by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(2):732-737.
Vibrio species can be identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). V.vulnificus can be identified using an ELISA for the haemolysin and PCR.
Vibrio species can be identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). V.vulnificus can be identified using an ELISA for the haemolysin and PCR.