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===Neuropeptides===

===Neuropeptides===

The neuropeptide group of neurotransmitters contain a wide range of molecules of which only the major transmitters are included below. These include; '''enkephalin''', '''subtance P''', '''LHRH''', '''Vasopressin''', '''cholecystokinin''', '''VIP''', '''endorphin''', '''neurotensin''', '''TRH''', '''angiotensin-II''', '''somatostatin''' and '''oxytocin'''. These neuropeptides have a wide range of effects throughout the nervous system. Many of these neuropeptides are released from nerve terminals but also as hormones from endocrine cells. Cholecystokinin is an example of a neuropeptide that acts as both a neuropeptide but also as a hormone.

The neuropeptide group of neurotransmitters contain a wide range of molecules of which only the major transmitters are included below. These include; '''enkephalin''', '''subtance P''', '''LHRH''', '''Vasopressin''', '''cholecystokinin/CKK''', '''Vasoactive Intesinal Peptide (VIP)''', '''endorphin''', '''neurotensin''', '''TRH''', '''angiotensin-II''', '''somatostatin''' and '''oxytocin'''. These neuropeptides have a wide range of effects throughout the nervous system. Many of these neuropeptides are released from nerve terminals but also as hormones from endocrine cells. Cholecystokinin is an example of a neuropeptide that acts as both a neuropeptide but also as a hormone.

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Endorphins and enkephalins are both examples of '''opioids''' and act within neuronal synapses to reduce the sensation of pain and in humans, it has been shown that these neuropeptides also lead to a sense of euphoria. Both of these molecules belong to the same opioid category as morphine and heroin.  

Endorphins and enkephalins are both examples of '''opioids''' and act within neuronal synapses to reduce the sensation of pain and in humans, it has been shown that these neuropeptides also lead to a sense of euphoria. Both of these molecules belong to the same opioid category as morphine and heroin.

 

===Other Types of Neurotransmitter===

===Other Types of Neurotransmitter===

In many neuronal synapses, not only do the post-synaptic membranes contain receptors for neurotransmitters, they also contain ion channels. In many cases the neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels are directly linked giving rise to '''ionotropic receptors'''. When a neurotransmitter binds it's relevant receptor, this also may open affect the gating of adjacent ion channels, either opening or closing the channel. Ionotrophic receptors such as this are responsible for the fastest type of synaptic transmission. An example of an ionotrophic receptor is '''zinc''' which is synaptically released via this mechanism.

In many neuronal synapses, not only do the post-synaptic membranes contain receptors for neurotransmitters, they also contain ion channels. In many cases the neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels are directly linked giving rise to '''ionotropic receptors'''. When a neurotransmitter binds it's relevant receptor, this also may open affect the gating of adjacent ion channels, either opening or closing the channel. Ionotrophic receptors such as this are responsible for the fastest type of synaptic transmission. An example of an ionotrophic receptor is '''zinc''' which is synaptically released via this mechanism.