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Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (view source)
Revision as of 16:43, 5 September 2011
, 16:43, 5 September 2011no edit summary
[[Image:Hypertrophic osteodystrophy.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Hypertrophic osteodystrophy.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
Also known as: '''''Metaphyseal Osteopathy — HOD'''''
==Introduction==
This is a '''developmental disease''' of '''young, large, rapidly-growing large and giant breeds''' such as the Great Dane, St Bernard, Irish Setter, Labrador, German Shepherd, Doberman and Weimaraner.
It most frequently presents at the age of '''3-4 months''' (range 2-8) and '''males''' are affected more commonly than females.
The disease occurs at the metaphysis of long bones, especially the '''distal ulna and radius'''.
The aetiology of the condition is '''unknown''', but theories include: an excessive plane of nutrition, calcium/phosphate imbalance, vitamin C deficiency or an '''infectious agent'''.
==Clinical Signs==
Respiratory or gastrointestinal illness may precede the onset of skeletal disease.
Clinical signs vary from '''mild lameness to severe systemic illness''', pyrexia, depression, inappetance, weight loss and inability to stand.
'''Pain''' can be elicited by digital pressure on the metaphysis.
The condition is usually '''bilaterally symmetrical''' and may affect all four limbs.
In severe cases, the long bone metaphyses are visibly '''swollen, hot and painful on palpation'''.
Active periods of disease may last for several days and '''relapses''' may occur at intervals of 1-6 weeks.
Some severely suffering dogs may '''die''' or may be euthanised on owner's request.
==Diagnosis==
The clinical signs and presentation are suggestive.
'''Radiography''' can confirm the diagnosis. Findings include:
:irregular radiolucent line (double physeal line) in the metaphysis, parallel to the normal radiolucent physeal line
:the physis may appear widened
:subperiosteal new bone formation at the metaphysis forming a collar of bone, also known as bone cuffing
:evidence of growth deformities
Bone '''scintigraphy''' may reveal increased uptake of agent at the metaphysis.
Haematology and biochemistry are usually unremarkable.
'''Histology''' of the area would reveal: haemorrhage and necrosis of [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology|osteoblasts]] in the growth plates and primary spongiosa, intense infiltration by [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], periosteal reaction and formation of new bone on external surface above the lesion.
==Treatment==
HOD is usually '''self-limiting''' and mildly affected dogs '''recover within a few weeks'''.
Treatment involves '''supportive care with proper nutrition, fluids and analgesia'''.
Buffered aspirin is the preferred analgesic.
In severe cases, '''corticosteroids and antibiotics''' may be indicated, depending on blood culture results. Recumbent puppies should be turned every 4 hours and placed in a well-padded cage.
Correction of '''angular limb deformities''' may be necessary.
==Prognosis==
This is related to disease severity.
'''Mildly affected dogs''' have a '''good prognosis''' and many recover spontaneously. Diaphyseal deformities can be severe but are usually not debilitating.
'''Severely affected dogs''' have a '''poor prognosis''' and some dogs can succomb to '''hyperthermia or acidosis'''. Euthanasia may also be performed on the worst cases.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Small Animal Orthopaedics Q&A 04]]
}}
==References==
Pasquini, C. (1999) '''Tschauner's Guide to Small Animal Clinics''' ''Sudz Publishing''
Dunn, J. (1999) '''Textbook of small animal medicine''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
Hosgood, G. (1998) '''Small animal paediatric medicine and surgery''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
[[Category:Bones - Hyperplastic Pathology]]
[[Category:Bones - Hyperplastic Pathology]]