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===Clostridium sordelli===
===Clostridium sordelli===
*Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]]
*Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], [[Muscles - inflammatory#Gas gangrene|myositis]] and abomasitis (lambs)
===Treatment of histotoxic infections===
*Early penicillin
*Vaccination with bacterin or toxoid at 3 months and booster after 3 weeks, then annually
*Anaerobic transport medium
*Anaerobic transport medium
*Culture on blood agar enriched with yeast extract, vitamin K and haemin
*Culture on blood agar enriched with yeast extract, vitamin K and haemin
*Anaerobic culture with hydrogen supplement and 5-10% carbon dioxide
*Anaerobic culture with hydrogen supplement and 5-10% carbon dioxide for 48 hours
*Colonies of ''C. perfringens'' are 5mm diameter, circular, flat and grey
*''C. perfringens'' colonies are surrounded by a zone of double haemolysis
*''C. perfringens'' colonies are surrounded by a zone of double haemolysis
*Positive cAMP test with ''Sreptococci agalactiae''
*Biochemical tests
*Biochemical tests
*Toxins identified in body fluids by toxin neutralisation or protection tests in lab animals
*Toxins identified in body fluids by toxin neutralisation or protection tests in lab animals
*Nagler reaction to detect alpha toxin - plate neutralisation test
*Fluorescent antibody tests for histotoxic clostridia
*Fluorescent antibody tests for histotoxic clostridia
*ELISA, PCR for toxin detection
*ELISA, PCR for toxin detection
**Gas production causing subcutaneous crepitus
**Gas production causing subcutaneous crepitus
**Similar manifestations as malignant oedema
**Similar manifestations as malignant oedema
*Necrotising enterocolitis in chickens and pigs
*''C perfringens'' type A causes necrotising enterocolitis in pigs and necrotic enteritis in chickens
* Causes:
* Causes:
** [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Lamb Dysentery (Enterotoxaemia with Blood)|Lamb dysentery]]
** [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Lamb Dysentery (Enterotoxaemia with Blood)|Lamb dysentery]]