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→Glands
===Glands===
===Glands===
*'''Sweat Glands'''
*'''Sweat glands'''
Sweat is considered to be the product of [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Apoptosis|apoptosis]] releasing cell contents into the gland lumen, together with secretion where exocytosis, microapocrine blebbing, transcellular and perhaps paracellular processes involved in varying degrees. Sweat is composed of secretions and cellular debris and includes inorganic ions, water, immunoglobulins, amino acids and waste products including urea and lactic acid. Equine sweat is rich in proteins including glycoproteins, albumin and gammaglobulins.
Sweat is considered to be the product of [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Apoptosis|apoptosis]] releasing cell contents into the gland lumen, together with secretion where exocytosis, microapocrine blebbing, transcellular and perhaps paracellular processes involved in varying degrees. Sweat is composed of secretions and cellular debris and includes inorganic ions, water, immunoglobulins, amino acids and waste products including urea and lactic acid. Equine sweat is rich in proteins including glycoproteins, albumin and gammaglobulins.
Sweat is degrades by bacteria leading to odour. Dogs and cats produce very little sweat and use panting to lower body temperature.
Sweat is degrades by bacteria leading to odour. Dogs and cats produce very little sweat and use panting to lower body temperature.
*'''Mammary Glands'''
*'''Mammary glands'''
These are greatly modified, enlarged sweat glands and are present in both male and female animals. Depending on species, they extend from the axillae to the groin, associated with teats and a complex array of sinuses and ducts. Age, pregnancy and [[Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology|endocrine]] factors have an important role in determining glandular activity.
These are greatly modified, enlarged sweat glands and are present in both male and female animals. Depending on species, they extend from the axillae to the groin, associated with teats and a complex array of sinuses and ducts. Age, pregnancy and [[Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology|endocrine]] factors have an important role in determining glandular activity.
*'''Sebaceous Glands'''
*'''Sebaceous glands'''
One or more sebaceous glands surround each '''hair follicle''' at a point about 1/3 of its length from the surface. Each gland is composed of numerous ''acini'' attached to a common '''excretory duct''' through which they discharge their secretions onto the hair shaft and epidermis. In the skin and eyelids such glands release the cell contents together with secretory products with holocrine secretion. This secretion involves [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Apoptosis|apoptosis]] in which the secretory products and cell debris are released into the gland lumen. The secretory products vary from species to species and include various fatty acids, diglycerides, cholesterol, diesters, wax esters and giant-ring lactones.
One or more sebaceous glands surround each '''hair follicle''' at a point about 1/3 of its length from the surface. Each gland is composed of numerous ''acini'' attached to a common '''excretory duct''' through which they discharge their secretions onto the hair shaft and epidermis. In the skin and eyelids such glands release the cell contents together with secretory products with holocrine secretion. This secretion involves [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Apoptosis|apoptosis]] in which the secretory products and cell debris are released into the gland lumen. The secretory products vary from species to species and include various fatty acids, diglycerides, cholesterol, diesters, wax esters and giant-ring lactones.
The function of sebum is that of an emolient of the hair and skin, preventing excessive dryness. It may combine with '''sweat''' to form an emulsion within the stratum corneum and a form of cement around the hair pores preventing bacterial invasion of the epidermis.
The function of sebum is that of an emolient of the hair and skin, preventing excessive dryness. It may combine with '''sweat''' to form an emulsion within the stratum corneum and a form of cement around the hair pores preventing bacterial invasion of the epidermis.
*'''Circumanal and supracaudal tail glands'''
Hepatoid sebaceous glands restricted to the perineum, dorsal tail and prepuce, they may have an endocrine and/or pheromone function. They empty into special sweat glands.
*'''Submental and circumoral glands'''
Large glands in the lip region of cats; presumed to have a territory marking role. Circumoral glands are enlarged integumentary glands bordering on the mucocutaneous jumctions of the mouth or oral margins associated with greeting and related behaviours, especially in scuiriomorph rodents.
*'''Inguinal glands'''
Sexually-related scent glands prominent in ungulates and lagomorphs.
*'''Anal sacs'''
Sebaceous (and modified apocrine in the dog) glands lie within the wall of the anal sacs, with a duct carrying material to the anal opening. The foul smelling secretion may act as a territorial marker. Secretions are expressed on defecation. The secretions are composed of fatty and serous materials with cellular debris.
==Immunology==
==Immunology==
==Histology==
==Histology==