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*'''Anal sacs'''
*'''Anal sacs'''
Sebaceous (and modified apocrine in the dog) glands lie within the wall of the anal sacs, with a duct carrying material to the anal opening. The foul smelling secretion may act as a territorial marker. Secretions are expressed on defecation. The secretions are composed of fatty and serous materials with cellular debris.
Sebaceous (and modified apocrine in the dog) glands lie within the wall of the anal sacs, with a duct carrying material to the anal opening. The foul smelling secretion may act as a territorial marker. Secretions are expressed on defecation. The secretions are composed of fatty and serous materials with cellular debris.
==Cutaneous Appendages==
===Footpads===
Cats and Dogs have a digitigrade stance with digital, metacarpal and metatarsal pads in contact with the ground. A carpal pad is also present, but seems to be superfluous.
Pads are covered with a very thickened epidermis with no hair follicles. They are hyperpigmented and have atrichial sweat glands opening to the surface under the influence of epinephrine.
There is little dermis and the hypodermis is composed of collagenous and elastic fibres mixed with adipose tissue to form a digital cushion that provides protection from mechanical impact.
==Immunology==
==Immunology==
==Histology==
==Histology==