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==What is Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?==

==What is Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?==

'''Vitamin B₇''', also called '''biotin''', is an '''essential water-soluble vitamin'''. Biotin is actively transported across the intestinal mucosa, with minimal passive diffusion, and is typically found as free biotin in plasma. '''Biotin is not stored in the body and is freely filtered by the renal tubules'''.  

'''Vitamin B₇''', also called '''biotin''', is an '''essential water-soluble vitamin'''. Biotin is actively transported across the intestinal mucosa, with minimal passive [[Diffusion - Physiology|diffusion]], and is typically found as free biotin in [[plasma]]. '''Biotin is not stored in the body and is freely filtered by the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy#Proximal Tubule|renal tubules]]'''.  

==Why is it Important?==

==Why is it Important?==

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

Biotin is an essential component of 4 carboxylase enzymes<ref>Sweetman L. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p.529-540.</ref>:

Biotin is an essential component of 4 carboxylase enzymes<ref>Sweetman L. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p.529-540.</ref>:

#'''Pyruvate carboxylase''', which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA) during carbohydrate metabolism;  

#'''Pyruvate carboxylase''', which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA) during [[Carbohydrate Overview - Nutrition|carbohydrate]] metabolism;  

#'''Acetyl CoA carboxylase''', which is the rate limiting enzyme step in conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis;  

#'''Acetyl CoA carboxylase''', which is the rate limiting enzyme step in conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis;  

#'''Propionyl CoA carboxylase''', which carboxylates propionyl CoA (from amino acid, fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism) into methylmalonyl CoA; and  

#'''Propionyl CoA carboxylase''', which carboxylates propionyl CoA (from [[Protein Overview - Nutrition|amino acid]], [[Fatty Acids - Nutrition|fatty acid] or carbohydrate metabolism) into methylmalonyl CoA; and  

# '''3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase''', which functions in the catabolic pathway for leucine.

# '''3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase''', which functions in the catabolic pathway for leucine.

Dogs fed raw egg white develop hyperkeratosis of the skin and scaling<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.230-231.</ref>.

Dogs fed raw egg white develop hyperkeratosis of the skin and scaling<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.230-231.</ref>.

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Kittens fed raw egg white developed excessive accumulation of ocular, nasal, and salivary secretion, alopecia, achromotrichia, skin scaling, weight loss, and diarrhoea<ref>Carey CJ and Morris JG. Biotin deficiency in the cat and its effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase. J Nutr 1977;107:330-334.</ref>.

Kittens fed raw egg white developed excessive accumulation of ocular, nasal, and salivary secretion, [[Alopecia and Hypotrichosis|alopecia]], achromotrichia, skin scaling, weight loss, and [[diarrhoea]]<ref>Carey CJ and Morris JG. Biotin deficiency in the cat and its effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase. J Nutr 1977;107:330-334.</ref>.

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==

[[Category:Vitamins]]

[[Category:Vitamins]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition GGP]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition preMars]]