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Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 11:03, 18 July 2008
, 11:03, 18 July 2008→Endocrine Function
*There is an increase in basal metabolic rate in other tissues.
*There is an increase in basal metabolic rate in other tissues.
**Insulin regulates the reaction in glycolysis where PEP is converted into pyruvate. This reaction is regulated by the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Insulin '''activates''' this enzyme by ''dephosphorylation'' via protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). This increases metabolism.
**Insulin regulates the reaction in glycolysis where PEP is converted into pyruvate. This reaction is regulated by the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Insulin '''activates''' this enzyme by ''dephosphorylation'' via protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). This increases metabolism.
===Diabetes Mellitus===
[[Image:NIDDM cat.jpg|thumb|right|150px|An obese cat with NIDDM - Copywright RVC 2008]]
*A condition characterised by an inability to maintain normoglycaemia, with persistent hyperglycaemia observed.
*Clinical signs include:
**glucosuria, polyuria and polydipsia - blood glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold (~10mmol/l) and is excreted into the urine. The increased osmotic potential of the filtrate draws water into the filtrate which is lost in the urine. The animal drinks more to compensate for water loss.
**polyphagia and weight loss - the animal compensates for persistent loss of glucose
**ketosis and ketonuria - ketones are released for energy.
'''Types of diabetes in dogs'''
*β cell deficiency - The majority of cases of diabetes mellitus seen in dogs are of this kind. It results in an inability to produce insulin.
**Can be caused by congenital defects, pancreatitis and autoimmunity.
*Insulin antagonism - Seen in females in dioestrus, or in animals with Cushing's (hyperadrenocorticism).
**Progesterone, growth hormone and cortisol are insulin antagonists.
'''Types of diabetes in cats'''
*Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM); insulin deficiency - similar to human diabetes type 1. There is a failure to produce insulin.
**Can be caused by islet-specific amyloidosis or chronic pancreatitis leading to β cell destrucion.
*Non Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM); insulin antagonism - similar to human diabetes type 2.
**Caused by obesity which leads to carbohydrate intolerance.
==Vasculature==
==Vasculature==