Changes

Rare cases of infection in humans have been reported. Therefore, care should be taken when handling infected animals.

Rare cases of infection in humans have been reported. Therefore, care should be taken when handling infected animals.

Epizootic lymphangitis can resemble [[Donkey - Glanders (Farcy)|glanders]] caused by [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia species#Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia mallei'']], ulcerative lymphangitis caused by [[Corynebacterium species#Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis|''Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis'']] or sporotrichosis caused by [[Subcutaneous Mycoses#Sporotrichosis|Sporothrix schenckii]]. In some parts of Egypt '''lacrimal histoplasmosis''' is a common manifestation of the infection (Saleh, 1989; Heragy, 2003). The condition starts with slight conjunctivitis and epiphora. This progresses to blepharospasm and photophobia as the eyelids and lacrimal sac become severely inflamed. Chronic conditions may present with purulent nasal discharge from the affected nostril and fistulation of the lacrimal duct.

Epizootic lymphangitis can resemble [[Glanders (Farcy) - Donkey|glanders]] caused by [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia species#Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia mallei'']], ulcerative lymphangitis caused by [[Corynebacterium species#Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis|''Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis'']] or sporotrichosis caused by [[Subcutaneous Mycoses#Sporotrichosis|Sporothrix schenckii]]. In some parts of Egypt '''lacrimal histoplasmosis''' is a common manifestation of the infection (Saleh, 1989; Heragy, 2003). The condition starts with slight conjunctivitis and epiphora. This progresses to blepharospasm and photophobia as the eyelids and lacrimal sac become severely inflamed. Chronic conditions may present with purulent nasal discharge from the affected nostril and fistulation of the lacrimal duct.

==Clinical signs==

==Clinical signs==

This condition follows a similar pattern in donkeys to that described in the horse. In both, cutaneous and ocular, forms it presents as an '''ulcerating,  pyo-granulomatous dermatitis''', tracking '''along lymphatic vessels''' which become extensively inflamed. The resulting response causes '''local exudation and thickening'''. These lesions are evident mainly in the '''legs, neck and chest'''. The condition can also occur as a '''multifocal pneumonia''' and as an ocular form with '''keratitis and conjunctivitis'''.

This condition follows a similar pattern in donkeys to that described in the horse. In both, cutaneous and ocular, forms it presents as an '''ulcerating,  pyo-granulomatous dermatitis''', tracking '''along lymphatic vessels''' which become extensively inflamed. The resulting response causes '''local exudation and thickening'''. These lesions are evident mainly in the '''legs, neck and chest'''. The condition can also occur as a '''multifocal pneumonia''' and as an ocular form with '''keratitis and conjunctivitis'''.

The most common form of the disease in donkeys is a [[Donkey - Fungal Keratitis|'''conjunctival disease''']] causing major conjunctival infection and inflammation, with characteristic conjunctival thickening and exudate that may extend into the nasolacrimal duct, possibly causing an obstruction or even destruction of the nasolacrimal duct. At this site the resulting epiphora can predispose to facial [[Donkey - Bacterial Skin Infections|dermatophilosis]] and [[Donkey - Spirurids|habronemiasis]].

The most common form of the disease in donkeys is a [[Fungal Keratitis - Donkey|'''conjunctival disease''']] causing major conjunctival infection and inflammation, with characteristic conjunctival thickening and exudate that may extend into the nasolacrimal duct, possibly causing an obstruction or even destruction of the nasolacrimal duct. At this site the resulting epiphora can predispose to facial [[Bacterial Skin Infections - Donkey|dermatophilosis]] and [[Spirurids - Donkey|habronemiasis]].

The '''cutaneous form''' is found predominantly on areas of repeated skin trauma such as harness contact points. The early signs include one or more '''dermal or subcutaneous nodules'''. They are usually free of pain when palpated but they can be '''oedematous''' and palpation can be resented. Later '''cords and ulcers''' develop with discharging tracts that tend to follow

The '''cutaneous form''' is found predominantly on areas of repeated skin trauma such as harness contact points. The early signs include one or more '''dermal or subcutaneous nodules'''. They are usually free of pain when palpated but they can be '''oedematous''' and palpation can be resented. Later '''cords and ulcers''' develop with discharging tracts that tend to follow

* Programmes may include culling of equids showing severe signs of epizootic lymphangitis or, in non-endemic areas, culling any cases introduced

* Programmes may include culling of equids showing severe signs of epizootic lymphangitis or, in non-endemic areas, culling any cases introduced

* Careful screening e.g. by clinical examination and skin hypersensitivity test

* Careful screening e.g. by clinical examination and skin hypersensitivity test

* Mesh face masks that are advocated for [[Donkey - Spirurids|habronemiasis]] may be useful in the lacrimal form

* Mesh face masks that are advocated for [[Spirurids - Donkey|habronemiasis]] may be useful in the lacrimal form

* Strict attention to hygiene. The organism can be destroyed by disinfectants such as 1% sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and phenolics

* Strict attention to hygiene. The organism can be destroyed by disinfectants such as 1% sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and phenolics