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Created page with '{{review}} ===Overview=== *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis …'
{{review}}
===Overview===
*Cause suppurative infections in many different animals
*Cause abscess formation and septicaemia
*Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis
*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
*Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
*''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
*Involved in [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]], [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]], [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]
*In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
*Opportunistic infections
===Characteristics===
*Gram positive cocci forming chains
*Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes
*Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum
*Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid
*Catalase negative
*Susceptible to desiccation
===Identification===
*Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)
*Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)
*Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
*Biochemical testing
===Diagnosis===
*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
*No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''
*PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===
*Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains
*Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases
*''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic
*''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins
===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===
*Epidemiology
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
**Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
**Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
**Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
**A mild, atypical form can occur
**''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
*Clinical signs
**Incubation period 3 to 6 days
**Fever, depression, anorexia
**Purulent nasal discharge
**Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
**Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
**Guttural pouch empyema
**100% morbidity; 5% mortality
**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
**Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
**''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
*Diagnosis
**Clinical signs and history
**Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis
**Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''
**PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
*Treatment and control
**Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
**Isolation of affected animals
**Quarantne in-coming animals
**Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
**Disinfection of equipment
===''Streptococcus suis''===
*Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs
*Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion
*Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs
*Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene
*Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths
*Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions
*Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets
*Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats
*Septicaemia and meningitis in humans
===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===
*''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis
*Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved
*''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
*''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
*''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
*Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
*Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis
===''S. equisimilis''===
*Found on skin and vagina of horses
*Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses
*Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds
===''S. zooepidemicus''===
*Colonises mucous membranes
*Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses
*''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
*Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]
*Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
===''Enterococcus faecalis''===
*Colonises intestinal tract
*Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species
===''S. canis''===
*Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
*Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
*In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses
===''S. pneumoniae''===
*Found in upper respiratory tract of primates
*Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis
*Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats
===''S. porcinus''===
*Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs
[[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]][[Category:Cocci]]
===Overview===
*Cause suppurative infections in many different animals
*Cause abscess formation and septicaemia
*Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis
*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
*Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
*''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
*Involved in [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]], [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]], [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]
*In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
*Opportunistic infections
===Characteristics===
*Gram positive cocci forming chains
*Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes
*Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum
*Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid
*Catalase negative
*Susceptible to desiccation
===Identification===
*Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)
*Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)
*Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
*Biochemical testing
===Diagnosis===
*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
*No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''
*PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===
*Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains
*Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases
*''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic
*''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins
===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===
*Epidemiology
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
**Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
**Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
**Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
**A mild, atypical form can occur
**''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
*Clinical signs
**Incubation period 3 to 6 days
**Fever, depression, anorexia
**Purulent nasal discharge
**Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
**Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
**Guttural pouch empyema
**100% morbidity; 5% mortality
**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
**Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
**''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
*Diagnosis
**Clinical signs and history
**Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis
**Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''
**PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
*Treatment and control
**Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
**Isolation of affected animals
**Quarantne in-coming animals
**Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
**Disinfection of equipment
===''Streptococcus suis''===
*Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs
*Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion
*Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs
*Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene
*Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths
*Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions
*Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets
*Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats
*Septicaemia and meningitis in humans
===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===
*''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis
*Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved
*''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
*''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
*''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
*Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
*Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis
===''S. equisimilis''===
*Found on skin and vagina of horses
*Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses
*Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds
===''S. zooepidemicus''===
*Colonises mucous membranes
*Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses
*''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
*Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]
*Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
===''Enterococcus faecalis''===
*Colonises intestinal tract
*Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species
===''S. canis''===
*Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
*Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
*In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses
===''S. pneumoniae''===
*Found in upper respiratory tract of primates
*Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis
*Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats
===''S. porcinus''===
*Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs
[[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]][[Category:Cocci]]