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==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==
Spores are inhaled from the environment leading to fungal colonisation of the nasal cavities. Following their deposition in tissue and recognition by phagocytes an inflammatory response is triggered. Haemolytic and dermonecrotic toxins as well as fungal protease and elastase are released leading to tissue damage.
Spores are inhaled from the environment leading to fungal colonisation of the nasal cavities. Following their deposition in tissue and recognition by phagocytes an inflammatory response is triggered. Haemolytic and dermonecrotic toxins as well as fungal protease and elastase are released leading to tissue damage.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
In dogs, the treatment of choice is topical application of the anti-fungal agent Clotrimazole. It is admnistered for one hour under general anaesthetic via indwelling catheters placed in the frontal sinus. Several treatments may be required. For cases that are non-responsive to Clotrimazole, treatment with Enilconazole may be attempted but this is associated with a higher complication rate.
In dogs, the treatment of choice is topical application of the anti-fungal agent Clotrimazole. It is admnistered for one hour under general anaesthetic via indwelling catheters placed in the frontal sinus. Several treatments may be required. For cases that are non-responsive to Clotrimazole, treatment with Enilconazole may be attempted but this is associated with a higher complication rate.
In cattle, antifungal agents are currently unlicensed and management of the disease usually relies on prevention.
In cattle, antifungal agents are currently unlicensed and management of the disease usually relies on preventative measures such as ensuring clean bedding and good husbandry.
In the horse, trans-arterial coil embolisation under fluoroscopic guidance is performed in order to cause internal occlusion of the affected arteries.
In the horse, trans-arterial coil embolisation under fluoroscopic guidance is performed in order to cause internal occlusion of the affected arteries.
==References==
==References==
* Barr, S. C., Bowman, D. D. (2006) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: canine and feline infectious diseases and parasitology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
* Barr, S. C., Bowman, D. D. (2006) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: canine and feline infectious diseases and parasitology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
* Carter, G. R., Wise, D. J. (2004) '''Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
* Carter, G. R., Wise, D. J. (2004) '''Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''