Changes

====Transgenic rats====

====Transgenic rats====

Most of the techniques used for genetic manipulation depend upon the culture and manipulation of embryonic stem cells (eES).  eES techniques are relatively difficult in rats compared to mice and for this reason, transgenic rats are not commonly used in scientific research.  However, in 2003 researchers succeeded in cloning two laboratory rats by nuclear transfer <ref>Zhou Q ''et al.'' (2003) "Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation". ''Science'', 302, pp. 1179</ref>. and the rat genome is now available <ref>Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium (2004) "Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution". ''Nature''. 428, pp. 493-521</ref>.  For these reasons, usage of transgenic rats may increase in the near future, as rats are more appropriate models than mice in specific situations.  These are the most common types of genetic modification:

Most of the techniques used for genetic manipulation depend upon the culture and manipulation of embryonic stem cells (eES).  eES techniques are relatively difficult in rats compared to mice and for this reason, transgenic rats are not commonly used in scientific research.  However, in 2003 researchers succeeded in cloning two laboratory rats by nuclear transfer <ref>Zhou Q ''et al.'' (2003) "Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation". ''Science'', 302, pp. 1179</ref>. and the rat genome is now available <ref>Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium (2004) "Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution". ''Nature''. 428, pp. 493-521</ref>.  For these reasons, usage of transgenic rats may increase in the near future, as rats are more appropriate models than mice in specific situations.  These are the most common types of genetic modification:

:* '''''Knock-out '''''animals have a single gene turned off through a targeted mutation (gene trapping).  They are mostly used as human disease models, for the study of gene function and for drug discovery and development.  The technology for production of knock out rats has evolved significantly during the last years and rat models for the study Parkinson\’s, Alzheimer\’s, hypertension, and diabetes are now available commercially [http://www.knockoutrat.org/].

:* '''''Knock-out '''''animals have a single gene turned off through a targeted mutation (gene trapping).  They are mostly used as human disease models, for the study of gene function and for drug discovery and development.  The technology for production of knock out rats has evolved significantly during the last years and rat models for the study Parkinson\’s, Alzheimer\’s, hypertension, and diabetes are now available commercially.

:* '''''Knock-in '''''animals have a single gene insertion in a specific locus (it is targeted too).  This is currently done in mice.

:* '''''Knock-in '''''animals have a single gene insertion in a specific locus (it is targeted too).  This is currently done in mice.

:* '''''Conditional Knock-out/in '''''animals have modified genes that can be knocked-out or knocked-in by manipulation of the environment or administration of a drug.  This provides researchers with added flexibility in experimental design.  Also in this case these manipulations are mostly conducted in mice.

:* '''''Conditional Knock-out/in '''''animals have modified genes that can be knocked-out or knocked-in by manipulation of the environment or administration of a drug.  This provides researchers with added flexibility in experimental design.  Also in this case these manipulations are mostly conducted in mice.