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Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate. They are also present in stimulant preparations and other products.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007</ref>
 
Toxicity is due to the presence of methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine in chocolate. They are also present in stimulant preparations and other products.<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care'''Second Edition,2007</ref>
 
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.<ref name="multiple">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
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Dog that live indoors are more likely to have access to chocolate.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
       
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
 
===Clinical Signs===
 
===Clinical Signs===
Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs.<ref name="multiple">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
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Chocolate poisoning results in CNS, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
*'''CNS:''' hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.<ref name="multiple">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
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*'''CNS:''' hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, ataxia initially can evolve into muscle tremors, clonic seizures and hyperthermia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiples">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
*'''Gastrointestinal:''' diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.<ref name="multiple">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
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*'''Gastrointestinal:''' diarrhoea, emesis, haematemesis, colic.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiples">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
*'''Cardiovascular:''' arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.<ref name="multiple">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiple">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
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*'''Cardiovascular:''' arrhythmias,infrequently bradycardia but usually tachycardia.<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>, <ref name="multiples">BSAVA Congress 2007 Scientific Proceedings p253-254</ref>
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
===Pathology===
 
===Pathology===
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==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
<ref name="multiple">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
+
<ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>
 
<ref> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref>
 
<ref> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref>
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