Difference between revisions of "Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology"

Revision as of 21:43, 27 December 2010

Introduction

The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the oral cavity and oropharynx. It is involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipulating food in the oral cavity. It is also involved in the deglutition reflex and vocalisation. The tongue is capable of vigorous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the oral cavity.

Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008

Structure and Function

The tounge is skeletal muscle dorsally. There is structural fat surrounded by a cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally. There is an attached root and body with a free apex. The frenulum (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. The root of tongue is attached to the hyoid bone. In the horse and dog, the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the median sulcus. In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue is 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The torus linguae is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the hard palate.

Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008

Muscles

Intrinsic Muscles

Intrinsic muscles include; the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the transverse and vertical bundles.

Extrinsic Muscles

The extrinsic muscles include;

Styloglossus

The origin is the hyoid apparatus (stylohyoid). It retracts and elevates the tongue.

Venous Drainage of the Tongue - Copyright Prof. Pat Mccarthy

Genioglossus

The origin is the incisive part of the mandible. It protrudes and depressed the tongue.

Hyoglossus

The origin is the hyoid apparatus (basihyoid). It retracts and depresses the tongue.

Geniohyoideus

The origin is the incisive part of the mandible and the insertion site is the body of the hyoid. It lies below the tongue (not within it) and draws the hyoid, and therefore the tongue forward.

Drawing of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue - Copyright nabrown

Innervation

All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The rostral 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by the lingual branch of the trigeminal (CN V) which is sensory supplying temperature, touch and pain. The chorda tympani of the facial (CN VII) supplies the taste. The caudal 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) providing motor function for taste.

Vasculature

The main blood supply to the tongue is via the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. A secondary blood supply to the tongue is provided via the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

Histology

Tongue Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008

The tounge consists of stratified squamous epithelium. There are lingual glands and a mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface. The degree of keratinisation depends on the diet. There is less keratinisation on the ventral surface and sides of tongue. It is covered by papillae (taste buds)for protection and taste. Papillae are specialised projections of the mucosa. Some papillae have taste buds, others are mechanical to roughen the surface of the tongue.

Types of Papillae

Conical

Conical papillae are not found in horses. They are present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue. They point caudally and have no taste buds. There is a thick epithelium.

Foliate Papillae (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008

Foliate

8 to 12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline. Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium, present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue. There are taste buds, glands and lymphatics present.

Vallate

Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008

There are 3 to 6, often secondary papillae in taste buds. There are broad glands in the caudal 1/3 of tongue. Taste buds and lymphatics are present.

Fungiform

Red dots on tongue surface. Consists of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium and blood vessels. Involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs. Present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue, taste buds are present.

Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008

Filiform

The most numerous. They point caudally. There are no taste buds, glands or lymphatics. They are the smallest and consist of a thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium. They are very prominent in cat and are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue.

Taste Buds

Also found on the soft palate and pharynx (but sparsely distributed)

Constant cell turnover

Flat, thick cells

Taste hairs (microvilli) pointing though taste pore

Nerves transduce chemical signals into nervous signals

Species Differences

Pig Tongue
Pollo 2007, WikiMedia Commons

Canine

Stretch receptors in the tongue

Uses the tongue to lose heat by panting

Ruminant

Tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface)

Ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation

Feline

Long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough

Porcine

Most of the papillae are soft, long and directed caudally

Avian

There is a bone present

It is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals

Parrots use the tongue to produce human sounds (see here)

Test yourself with the Tongue & Facial Muscle Flashcards

Tongue Flashcards

Facial Muscles Flashcards

Links

Pathology of the tongue

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 ==Structure and Function==
-The tongue is skeletal muscle dorsally and structural fat surrounded by a cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally. It has an attached root and body with a free apex. The '''frenulum''' (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. The root of tongue is attached to the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid bone]]. In the horse and dog, the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the '''median sulcus'''. In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue is 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The '''torus linguae''' is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]].
+The tounge is skeletal muscle dorsally. There is structural fat surrounded by a cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally. There is an attached root and body with a free apex. The '''frenulum''' (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. The root of tongue is attached to the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid bone]]. In the horse and dog, the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the '''median sulcus'''. In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue is 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The '''torus linguae''' is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]].
 [[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]
 ==Muscles==
-[[Image:Tongue Venous Drainage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Venous Drainage of the Tongue - Copyright Prof. Pat Mccarthy]]
 ===Intrinsic Muscles===
-Intrinsic muscles include the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the transverse and vertical bundles.
+Intrinsic muscles include; the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the transverse and vertical bundles.
 ===Extrinsic Muscles===
-The extrinsic muscles include:
+The extrinsic muscles include;
 '''Styloglossus'''
-Its origin is at the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]] (stylohyoid) and it retracts and elevates the tongue.
+The origin is the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]] (stylohyoid). It retracts and elevates the tongue.
+[[Image:Tongue Venous Drainage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Venous Drainage of the Tongue - Copyright Prof. Pat Mccarthy]]
 '''Genioglossus'''
-The origin is at the incisive part of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It protrudes and depressed the tongue.
+The origin is the incisive part of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It protrudes and depressed the tongue.
 '''Hyoglossus'''
-The origin is at the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]] (basihyoid). It retracts and depresses the tongue.
+The origin is the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]] (basihyoid). It retracts and depresses the tongue.
 '''Geniohyoideus'''
-It originates at the incisive part of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] and the insertion site is the body of the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid]]. It lies below the tongue (not within it) and draws the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid]] and therefore the tongue forward.
+The origin is the incisive part of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] and the insertion site is the body of the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid]]. It lies below the tongue (not within it) and draws the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid]], and therefore the tongue forward.
 [[Image:Tongue Muscles Drawing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Drawing of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue - Copyright nabrown]]
@@ Line 41: / Line 40: @@
 ==Innervation==
-All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XII]]). The rostral 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by the sensory lingual branch of the trigeminal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V]]) transmitting temperature, touch and pain sensation. The chorda tympani of the facial nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]) transmits the taste. The caudal 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]) providing sensory function for taste.
+All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XII]]). The rostral 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by the lingual branch of the trigeminal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V]]) which is sensory supplying temperature, touch and pain. The chorda tympani of the facial ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]) supplies the taste. The caudal 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]) providing motor function for taste.
 ==Vasculature==
@@ Line 49: / Line 48: @@
 [[Image:Tongue Histology Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
-The tongue consists of stratified squamous epithelium. There are [[Lingual Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|lingual]] glands and a mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface. The degree of keratinisation depends on the diet. There is less keratinisation on the ventral surface and sides of tongue. It is covered by papillae for protection and taste. Papillae are specialised projections of the mucosa. Some papillae have taste buds, others are mechanical to roughen the surface of the tongue.
+The tounge consists of stratified squamous epithelium. There are [[Lingual Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|lingual]] glands and a mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface. The degree of keratinisation depends on the diet. There is less keratinisation on the ventral surface and sides of tongue. It is covered by papillae (taste buds)for protection and taste. Papillae are specialised projections of the mucosa. Some papillae have taste buds, others are mechanical to roughen the surface of the tongue.
 ==Types of Papillae==
@@ Line 59: / Line 58: @@
 ===Foliate===
-Eight to twelve papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline. Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium, present in the caudal third of the tongue. There are taste buds, glands and lymphatics present.
+to 12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline. Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium, present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue. There are taste buds, glands and lymphatics present.
 ===Vallate===
 [[Image:Circumvallate Papillae.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
-There are three to six, often secondary papillae in taste buds. There are broad glands in the caudal 1/3 of tongue. Taste buds and lymphatics are present.
+There are 3 to 6, often secondary papillae in taste buds. There are broad glands in the caudal 1/3 of tongue. Taste buds and lymphatics are present.
 ===Fungiform===
-They form the red dots on tongue surface and consist of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium and blood vessels. They are involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs. They are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue and contain taste buds.
+Red dots on tongue surface. Consists of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium and blood vessels. Involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs. Present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue, taste buds are present.
 [[Image:Filoform Papillae Histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
 ===Filiform===
-Filiform papillae are the most numerous and point caudally. There are no taste buds, glands or lymphatics. They are the smallest and consist of a thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium. They are very prominent in cat and are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue.
+The most numerous. They point caudally. There are no taste buds, glands or lymphatics. They are the smallest and consist of a thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium. They are very prominent in cat and are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue.
 ==[[Gustatory System - Anatomy & Physiology|Taste Buds]]==
-Also found on the [[Soft Palate|soft palate]] and the [[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|pharynx]] (but sparsely distributed). There is a constant cell turnover, with flat, thick cells. There are taste hairs (microvilli) pointing through the taste pore. Nerves transduce chemical signals into nervous signals.
+*Also found on the [[Soft Palate|soft palate]] and [[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|pharynx]] (but sparsely distributed)
+*Constant cell turnover
+*Flat, thick cells
+*Taste hairs (microvilli) pointing though taste pore
+*Nerves transduce chemical signals into nervous signals
 ==Species Differences==
-[[Image:Pig Tongue.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Pig Tongue'' <br> Pollo 2007, WikiMedia Commons]]
+[[Image:Pig Tongue.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Pig Tongue'' <br> Pollo 2007, WikiMedia Commons]]
 ===Canine===
-There are stretch receptors in the tongue and they use the tongue to lose heat by panting.
+*Stretch receptors in the tongue
+*Uses the tongue to lose heat by panting
 ===Ruminant===
-The tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface). The ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation.
+*Tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface)
+*Ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation
 ===Feline===
-Feline species have long papillae for grooming, so their tongue is rough.
+*Long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough
 ===Porcine===
-Most of the papillae are soft, long and directed caudally.
+*Most of the papillae are soft, long and directed caudally
 ===[[Avian Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|Avian]] ===
-The avian tongue contains a bone and is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals. Parrots use the tongue to produce human sounds (see [[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology#Species differences|species differences in syrinx]])
+*There is a bone present
+*It is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals
+*Parrots use the tongue to produce human sounds (see [[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology#Species differences|here]])
+==Test yourself with the Tongue & Facial Muscle Flashcards==
+[[Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards#Tongue Flashcards|Tongue Flashcards]]
+[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial Muscles Flashcards]]
 ==Links==
-Click here for [[Tongue - Pathology|pathology of the tongue]] information.
+[[Tongue - Pathology|Pathology of the tongue]]
-<br>
-{{Learning
-|flashcards= [[Tongue Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards]]<br>[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial Muscles]]
-|powerpoints= [[Oral Cavity Histology resource|Histology of the oral cavity, see part 1 for the tongue]]
-|videos = [[Video: Ventral muscles of the head potcast|Ventral muscles of the head potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast|Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface and sagittal section of the head of a sheep|Lateral surface and sagittal section of the head of a sheep]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast 5|Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast 5]]
-|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/cat-tongue Image - Cat Tongue]
-|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00702.asp Macroglossia]
-}}
-==Webinars==
-<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
 [[Category:Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology]]
+[[Category:To Do - A&P]]