Difference between revisions of "Vomiting"

Revision as of 19:35, 29 December 2010

Overview

Vomiting has potentially lethal effects in the monogastric animal. The effects are listed below.

Water Loss

Fluid loss is evident as; An increased PCV or haematocrit, an increased total protein concentration or a prerenal azotaemia.

Gastric Electrolyte Loss

The main losses are of H⁺ and Cl^-, and also K⁺. Electrolyte loss can potentially cause metabolic alkalosis, although this is only likely with disease which stops at the pylorus, e.g.: pyloric outflow obstruction. In cases where mild alkalosis occurs, homeostatic mechanisms produce a more alkaline urine to restore normal body pH. However, in severe metablolic alkalosis with marked dehydration, acidic urine may be produced. This is termed paradoxical aciduria. Because vomiting induceses hypokalaemia, there is an overriding stimulus in the kidney for Na⁺ (and therefore water) retention. Na+ can only be resorbed in exchange for H+, H+⁺ is therefore excreted in the urine, causing it to be acidic. Vomiting also induces hypochloraemia, meaning bicarbonate rather than chloride is resorbed with the Na+ to maintain electrical neutrality. This perpetuates the alkalosis.

Vomiting does not occur in the ruminant although abomasal content may reflux into the forestomachs. Sequestration of secretions in the abomasum will have similar effects to pyloric outflow obstruction with vomiting in the monogastric animal. e.g. abomasal torsion. It also causes dehydration, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis.

Lesions in the small intestine can also lead to vomiting. Both gastric acid and pancreatic and intestinal bicarbonate secretions are lost, the animal consequently has a normal pH or may even be acidotic.

The Vomit Reflex

The Vomit Reflex - Copyright nabrown RVC

Emesis is the process of vomiting. Persistent vomiting can be exhausting and can lead to metabolic alkalosis, dehydration and electrolyte inbalances which may require fluid therapy. Extreme cases of persistent vomiting can lead to shock.

Vomiting includes retching and the action of the diaphragm. The diaphragm moves caudal to open the cardia and retching involves the abdominal and chest walls contracting. The gastrointestinal tract has protective stimuli to recognise harmful products ingested. The mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors respond using viscerent afferent pathways. The medulla co-ordinates the process and the chemoreceptive trigger zone in the 4th ventricle responds to blood and CSF. Inputs are also recieved from the inner ear and higher centres.

Emetic agents can be used in cases of gastric obstruction and to remove non-corrosive poisons from the stomach (for corrosive poisons charcoal can be used which will help adsorb the substance and decrease its absorbtion into the GIT).

Emetic agents

Drugs cause emesis by irritating the gastric mucosa. Emetic drugs include the following;

- Histamine
- ACh
- Dopamine
- Catecholamines
- 5-hydroxytryptamine
- Substance P
- Enkephalins
- NK1 receptor agonists

Anti-emetic agents

Anti-emetic agents can be used to treat motion sickness and to treat or prevent vomiting. They include the following;

Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonists
- 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists
- NK1 receptor antagonists
- Muscarinic receptor antagonists
- Histamine (H1) receptor antagonists
- Gastroprotective agents

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
 ==Overview==
-Vomiting has potentially lethal effects in the monogastric animal. The effects are listed below. It is clinically important to differentiate vomiting from [[Regurgitation|regurgitation]], as clients can often confuse these clinical signs and the two have very different aetiologies.<br>
+Vomiting has potentially lethal effects in the monogastric animal. The effects are listed below.
 ===Water Loss===
-Fluid loss is evident as an increased PCV or haematocrit, an increased total protein concentration or a prerenal [[Azotaemia|azotaemia]].
+Fluid loss is evident as; An increased PCV or haematocrit, an increased total protein concentration or a prerenal azotaemia.
 ===Gastric Electrolyte Loss===
-The main losses are of H<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>, and also K<sup>+</sup>. [[:Category:Electrolytes|Electrolyte]] loss can potentially cause metabolic alkalosis, although this is only likely with disease which stops at the pylorus, e.g.: pyloric outflow obstruction. In cases where '''mild alkalosis''' occurs, homeostatic mechanisms produce a more alkaline urine to restore normal body pH. However, in '''severe metabolic alkalosis''' with marked dehydration, acidic urine may be produced. This is termed '''paradoxical aciduria'''. Because vomiting induces hypokalaemia, there is an overriding stimulus in the kidney for Na<sup>+</sup> (and therefore water) retention. Na+ can only be resorbed in exchange for H+, H+<sup>+</sup> is therefore excreted in the urine, causing it to be acidic. Vomiting also induces '''hypochloraemia''', meaning bicarbonate rather than chloride is resorbed with the Na+ to maintain electrical neutrality. This perpetuates the alkalosis.
+The main losses are of H<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>, and also K<sup>+</sup>. Electrolyte loss can potentially cause metabolic alkalosis, although this is only likely with disease which stops at the pylorus, e.g.: pyloric outflow obstruction. In cases where '''mild alkalosis''' occurs, homeostatic mechanisms produce a more alkaline urine to restore normal body pH. However, in '''severe metablolic alkalosis''' with marked dehydration, acidic urine may be produced. This is termed '''paradoxical aciduria'''. Because [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] induceses hypokalaemia, there is an overriding stimulus in the kidney for Na<sup>+</sup> (and therefore water) retention. Na+ can only be resorbed in exchange for H+, H+<sup>+</sup> is therefore excreted in the urine, causing it to be acidic. [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] also induces '''hypochloraemia''', meaning bicarbonate rather than chloride is resorbed with the Na+ to maintain electrical neutrality. This perpetuates the alkalosis.
+[[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] does not occur in the ruminant although [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasal]] content may reflux into the [[Ruminant Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|forestomachs]]. Sequestration of secretions in the [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] will have similar effects to pyloric outflow obstruction with [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] in the monogastric animal. e.g. abomasal torsion. It also causes dehydration, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis.
+Lesions in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] can also lead to [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]]. Both gastric acid and pancreatic and intestinal bicarbonate secretions are lost, the animal consequently has a normal pH or may even be '''acidotic'''.
-Vomiting does not occur in the ruminant although [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasal]] content may reflux into the [[Ruminant Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|forestomachs]]. Sequestration of secretions in the [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] will have similar effects to pyloric outflow obstruction with vomiting in the monogastric animal, e.g. [[Displaced Abomasum|abomasal torsion]]. It also causes dehydration, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. Lesions in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] can also lead to vomiting. Both gastric acid and pancreatic and intestinal bicarbonate secretions are lost, the animal consequently has a normal pH or may even be '''acidotic'''.
 ==The Vomit Reflex==
 [[Image:The Vomit Reflex Pathway.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Vomit Reflex - Copyright nabrown RVC]]
-'''Emesis''' is the process of vomiting. Persistent vomiting can be exhausting and can lead to [[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Alkalosis|metabolic alkalosis]], [[Dehydration|dehydration]] and electrolyte imbalances which may require [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]]. Extreme cases of persistent vomiting can lead to [[Shock|shock]].
+'''Emesis''' is the process of vomiting. Persistent vomiting can be exhausting and can lead to metabolic alkalosis, dehydration and electrolyte inbalances which may require fluid therapy. Extreme cases of persistent vomiting can lead to shock.
-Vomiting includes retching and the action of the [[Diaphragm - Anatomy & Physiology|diaphragm]]. The diaphragm moves caudal to open the cardia and retching involves the abdominal and chest walls contracting. The gastrointestinal tract has protective stimuli to recognise harmful products ingested. The mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors respond using visceral afferent pathways. The [[Hindbrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Medulla Oblongata|medulla]] co-ordinates the process and the chemoreceptive trigger zone in the 4th ventricle responds to blood and [[Cerebral Spinal Fluid - Anatomy & Physiology|CSF]]. Inputs are also received from the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Inner Ear|inner ear]] and higher centres.
+Vomiting includes retching and the action of the diaphragm. The diaphragm moves caudal to open the cardia and retching involves the abdominal and chest walls contracting. The gastrointestinal tract has protective stimuli to recognise harmful products ingested. The mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors respond using viscerent afferent pathways. The medulla co-ordinates the process and the chemoreceptive trigger zone in the 4th ventricle responds to blood and CSF. Inputs are also recieved from the inner ear and higher centres.
-Emetic agents can be used in cases of gastric obstruction and to remove non-corrosive poisons from the stomach (for corrosive poisons charcoal can be used which will help adsorb the substance and decrease its absorption into the gastrointestinal tract).
+Emetic agents can be used in cases of gastric obstruction and to remove non-corrosive poisons from the stomach (for corrosive poisons charcoal can be used which will help adsorb the substance and decrease its absorbtion into the GIT).
-===[[Emetics and Anti-Emetic Drugs|Emetic agents]]===
+===Emetic agents===
-Drugs cause emesis by irritating the gastric mucosa. Emetic drugs include the following:
+Drugs cause emesis by irritating the gastric mucosa. Emetic drugs include the following;
-*Histamine
+**Histamine
-*ACh
+**ACh
-*Dopamine
+**Dopamine
-*Catecholamines
+**Catecholamines
-*5-hydroxytryptamine
+**5-hydroxytryptamine
-*Substance P
+**Substance P
-*Enkephalins
+**Enkephalins
-*NK1 receptor agonists
+**NK1 receptor agonists
-===[[Emetics and Anti-Emetic Drugs|Anti-emetic agents]]===
+===Anti-emetic agents===
-Anti-emetic agents can be used to treat motion sickness and to treat or prevent vomiting. They include the following:
+Anti-emetic agents can be used to treat motion sickness and to treat or prevent vomiting. They include the following;
 *Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonists
-*5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists
+**5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists
-*NK1 receptor antagonists
+**NK1 receptor antagonists
-*Muscarinic receptor antagonists
+**Muscarinic receptor antagonists
-*Histamine (H1) receptor antagonists
+**Histamine (H1) receptor antagonists
-*[[Gastroprotective Drugs|Gastroprotective agents]]
+**Gastroprotective agents
-{{OpenPages}}
 [[Category:Feeding Control]]
-[[Category:A&P Done]]
+[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]]