Difference between revisions of "Bones Developmental - Pathology"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
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==Generalised==
 +
 
 +
[[Dwarfism]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Chondrodysplasia]]===
 +
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Osteopetrosis]] ===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Lysosomal Storage Disease]]===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Osteogenesis Imperfecta===
 +
 
 +
*Cause of fragile bones in humans, very rarely in animals
 +
*Reported in Holstein and Charolais calves
 +
*Poor mineralisation of bones and teeth
 +
*Fractures are often present at birth
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Congenital hyperostosis of pigs===
 +
[[Image:Hyperostosis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Hyperostosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*Rare, genetic
 +
*Diaphysial dysplasia
 +
*Excessive periosteal intramembranous bone, particularly in long bones
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Greatly thickened long bones
 +
**Tense, shiny skin, closely adherent to tissues below
 +
*Born dead or die soon after birth
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Retention of elongated primary trabeculae===
 +
 
 +
*Happens due to impaired osteoclastic activity
 +
*Primary trabeculae do not transform into secondary and tertiary
 +
*Continue to elongate
 +
*Form a dense band beneath growth plate - growth retardation lattice
 +
*Dense spikules apparent on radiographs
 +
*Can be caused by [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper virus]], [[Flaviviridae|bovine viral diarrhoea virus]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Localised==
 +
 
 +
*'''Hemimelia''' - abscence of one of limb bones
 +
*'''Syndactylia''' - fusion of toes
 +
*'''Polydactylia''' - increased number of digits
 +
*'''Ectrodactylia''' - cleft in paw extending to metacarpus of dogs and cats
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (Wobblers)===
 +
 
 +
*Equine disease
 +
*Narrowing of the vertebral canal due to malalignment or maldevelopment of the vertebrae
 +
*Fast growing male TBs ranging from 8 months to 4 years
 +
*Hind limb ataxia due to cord compression
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Angular limb deformity===
 +
 
 +
*Lateral deviation of distal portion of limb (valgus)
 +
*Medial deviation of distal portion of limb (varus) - more rare
 +
*Most common in foals
 +
**Carpal joint
 +
**Tarsal joint
 +
**Fetlock joint
 +
*Congenital or acquired
 +
*Due to:
 +
**Malpositioning in utero
 +
**Excessive joint laxity
 +
**[[Hypothyroidism|Hypothyroidism]]
 +
**Trauma
 +
**Overnutrition
 +
**Defective endochondral ossification
 +
**Poor conformation
 +
**Disruption of blood supply to one side of bone
 +
**Secondary to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Physitis|physitis in horses]]
 +
*Usually resolves spontaneously in one to two weeks of life
 +
*More severe cases exceding compensatory capabilities will persisist
 +
*[[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Cartilage development]] is affected
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Fibrous dysplasia===
 +
 
 +
*See [[Bones Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Fibrous dysplasia|Bones and Cartilage - hyperplastic and neoplastic]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Physitis===
 +
 
 +
*In horses
 +
*Often associated with [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Angular limb deformity|angular limb deformity]]
 +
*Also called '''epiphysitis''' and '''physeal dysplasia'''
 +
*Problem of [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|endochondral ossification]]
 +
*Two age groups
 +
**Weanlings
 +
**Yearlings in early training and two-year-olds
 +
*May cause contracted tendons and flexural deformities
 +
*Factors probably involved in its development:
 +
**Genetically fast growth rate
 +
**Large quantities of imbalanced, high energy feed
 +
**Imbalanced weight-bearing on joints
 +
**Excessive activity
 +
**Growth spurts
 +
*Histologically: (appearance similar to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Angular limb deformity|angular limb deformity]])
 +
**Lateral aspect of radius
 +
***Thickened metaphyseal part of physeal cartilage
 +
***-> Delay or disturbance of endochondral ossification
 +
***Compression
 +
**Central part
 +
***No obvious deformity
 +
**Medial aspect
 +
***Tension
 +
***-> Transverse [[Bones Fractures - Pathology|fractures]] and repair
 +
**Laxity of periarticular attachements in young foals allows [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Angular limb deformity|angular limb deformity]]; not occuring in older foals and young horses
 +
**(Sustained trauma produces similar lesions)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Test yourself with the Bone and Cartilage Pathology Flashcards==
 +
 
 +
[[Bones_and_Cartilage_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Bones and Cartilage Flashcards]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_congenital.htm#musculoskeletal Developmental abnormalities]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Pathology]]

Revision as of 18:01, 27 February 2011

Generalised

Dwarfism


Chondrodysplasia

Osteopetrosis

Lysosomal Storage Disease

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

  • Cause of fragile bones in humans, very rarely in animals
  • Reported in Holstein and Charolais calves
  • Poor mineralisation of bones and teeth
  • Fractures are often present at birth


Congenital hyperostosis of pigs

Hyperostosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Rare, genetic
  • Diaphysial dysplasia
  • Excessive periosteal intramembranous bone, particularly in long bones
  • Grossly:
    • Greatly thickened long bones
    • Tense, shiny skin, closely adherent to tissues below
  • Born dead or die soon after birth


Retention of elongated primary trabeculae

  • Happens due to impaired osteoclastic activity
  • Primary trabeculae do not transform into secondary and tertiary
  • Continue to elongate
  • Form a dense band beneath growth plate - growth retardation lattice
  • Dense spikules apparent on radiographs
  • Can be caused by distemper virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus


Localised

  • Hemimelia - abscence of one of limb bones
  • Syndactylia - fusion of toes
  • Polydactylia - increased number of digits
  • Ectrodactylia - cleft in paw extending to metacarpus of dogs and cats


Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (Wobblers)

  • Equine disease
  • Narrowing of the vertebral canal due to malalignment or maldevelopment of the vertebrae
  • Fast growing male TBs ranging from 8 months to 4 years
  • Hind limb ataxia due to cord compression


Angular limb deformity

  • Lateral deviation of distal portion of limb (valgus)
  • Medial deviation of distal portion of limb (varus) - more rare
  • Most common in foals
    • Carpal joint
    • Tarsal joint
    • Fetlock joint
  • Congenital or acquired
  • Due to:
    • Malpositioning in utero
    • Excessive joint laxity
    • Hypothyroidism
    • Trauma
    • Overnutrition
    • Defective endochondral ossification
    • Poor conformation
    • Disruption of blood supply to one side of bone
    • Secondary to physitis in horses
  • Usually resolves spontaneously in one to two weeks of life
  • More severe cases exceding compensatory capabilities will persisist
  • Cartilage development is affected


Fibrous dysplasia


Physitis

  • In horses
  • Often associated with angular limb deformity
  • Also called epiphysitis and physeal dysplasia
  • Problem of endochondral ossification
  • Two age groups
    • Weanlings
    • Yearlings in early training and two-year-olds
  • May cause contracted tendons and flexural deformities
  • Factors probably involved in its development:
    • Genetically fast growth rate
    • Large quantities of imbalanced, high energy feed
    • Imbalanced weight-bearing on joints
    • Excessive activity
    • Growth spurts
  • Histologically: (appearance similar to angular limb deformity)
    • Lateral aspect of radius
      • Thickened metaphyseal part of physeal cartilage
      • -> Delay or disturbance of endochondral ossification
      • Compression
    • Central part
      • No obvious deformity
    • Medial aspect
    • Laxity of periarticular attachements in young foals allows angular limb deformity; not occuring in older foals and young horses
    • (Sustained trauma produces similar lesions)



Test yourself with the Bone and Cartilage Pathology Flashcards

Bones and Cartilage Flashcards


Developmental abnormalities

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