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'''Pathogenesis:'''
'''Pathogenesis:'''
* [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood|Type IV hypersensitivity]]: CD4 Th-1 cell mediated.
* [[Type IV Hypersensitivity|Type IV hypersensitivity]]: CD4 Th-1 cell mediated.
* Macrophages phagocytose self antigens and can present peptides on their MHC Class II molecules. The autoreactive TH-1 cells release IFN-gamma which activates macrophages to release prostaglandins, MMP enzymes and TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory mediator), see diagram. These cytokines cause inflammation and tissue destruction.
* Macrophages phagocytose self antigens and can present peptides on their MHC Class II molecules. The autoreactive TH-1 cells release IFN-gamma which activates macrophages to release prostaglandins, MMP enzymes and TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory mediator), see diagram. These cytokines cause inflammation and tissue destruction.
[[Category:Cell Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]][[Category:To Do - Blood]]
*Occurs in the dog, mainly smaller breeds
*Uncommon
*Progressive erosive polyarthritis
*Mostly involves elbows, stifles, carpal and tarsal joints
*Grossly:
**Marked villus hypertrophy of synovial membrane
**Cartilage erosion
**[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Pannus and periarticular osteophyte]] formation
**In severe cases ankylosis
*Histologically:
**Hyperplasia of lining cells
**Proliferative synovitis
**Synovial membrane has fibrin deposits
**Lymphoid and plasma cell infiltration
**Surrounding haemorrhagic areas
**Macrophages containing [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin]]
**Connective tissue may contain foci of necrosis
**Areas of erosion of peripheral articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone
*Pathogenesis:
**May involve deposition of immune complexes within joints
**Substances degrading cartilage are released by synovial cells and macrophages involved in pannus formation
[[Category:Cell Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]][[Category:To Do - Clinical]][[Category:To Do - Blood]]