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Also known as: '''''Alphaviral encephalitis — Alphaviral encephalitides —  Eastern equine encephalitis — Eastern equine encephalomyelitis — EEE — Western equine encephalitis — Western equine encephalomyelitis — WEE — Venezuelan equine encephalitis — Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis — VEE

| Also known as:

|'''Alphaviral encephalitis, Alphaviral encephalitides<br>

'''Eastern equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, EEE<br>

'''Western equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, WEE<br>

'''Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, VEE'''

 

==Description==

==Introduction==

'''NOTIFIABLE''' and '''ZOONOTIC''' OIE List B, infectious, mosquito-borne diseases of equidae affecting the central nervous system (CNS).  They include:

'''NOTIFIABLE''' and '''ZOONOTIC''' OIE List B, infectious, mosquito-borne diseases of equidae affecting the central nervous system (CNS).  They include:

*Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

*Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

==Aetiology==

==Aetiology==

[[Equine Encephalitis Virus|See this page for details of the causal pathogens]].  Some of the virus strains can infect swine<ref>Karsted, L, Hansen, R.P (1959) Natural and experimental infections in swine with the virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, ''J Infect Dis'' 105:293-296.  In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>, poultry and other farmed birds including quail and ratites.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>  Isolated cases have also been noted in cattle<ref>Pursell, A.R, Mitchell, F.E, Seibold, H.R (1976) Naturally occurring and experimentally induced eastern encephalomyelitis in calves, ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 169:1101-1103.  In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>, sheep and non-domestic ungulates.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>  Some strains are potential agents of biowarfare or bioterrorism<ref>Steele, K.E, Twenhafel, N.A (2010) Review Paper: Pathology of Animal Models of Alphavirus Encephalitis. ''Vet Pathol.'' Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print].</ref>.

See this page for details of the [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|equine encephalitis causal pathogens]].  Some of the virus strains can infect swine<ref>Karsted, L, Hansen, R.P (1959) Natural and experimental infections in swine with the virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, ''J Infect Dis'' 105:293-296.  In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>, poultry and other farmed birds including quail and ratites.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>  Isolated cases have also been noted in cattle<ref>Pursell, A.R, Mitchell, F.E, Seibold, H.R (1976) Naturally occurring and experimentally induced eastern encephalomyelitis in calves, ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 169:1101-1103.  In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>, sheep and non-domestic ungulates.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>  Some strains are potential agents of biowarfare or bioterrorism<ref>Steele, K.E, Twenhafel, N.A (2010) Review Paper: Pathology of Animal Models of Alphavirus Encephalitis. ''Vet Pathol.'' Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print].</ref>.

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Unvaccinated adult horses and other equids (for '''VEE in donkeys''' [[Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) - Donkey|'''see here''']]) are at risk in areas with suitable vectors.  Vaccinated horses can still develop the disease, particularly if they are young or old.

Unvaccinated adult horses and other equids ([[Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) - Donkey|'''VEE in donkeys''']]) are at risk in areas with suitable vectors.  Vaccinated horses can still develop the disease, particularly if they are young or old.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

===Vector control===

===Vector control===

Responsible use of insecticides and repellents<ref name="same">Pasquini, C, Pasquini S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''', third edition, p266, SUDZ publishing.</ref>, elimination of standing water, and stable screening will all help to reduce viral transmission.  Environmental application of insecticides may be useful in endemic areas or during an outbreak.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>  Horses infected with Venezuelan EEV should be isolated for 3 weeks after complete recovery.<ref name="same">Pasquini, C, Pasquini S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''', third edition, p266, SUDZ publishing.</ref>

Responsible use of insecticides and repellents<ref name="same">Pasquini, C, Pasquini S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''', third edition, p266, SUDZ publishing.</ref>, elimination of standing water, and stable screening will all help to reduce viral transmission.  Environmental application of insecticides may be useful in endemic areas or during an outbreak.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>  Horses infected with Venezuelan EEV should be isolated for 3 weeks after complete recovery.<ref name="same">Pasquini, C, Pasquini S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''', third edition, p266, SUDZ publishing.</ref>

==References==

==References==

 

 

 

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[[Category:Expert_Review]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]