Difference between revisions of "Gastric Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Horse"
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| + | Also known as: '''''Gastric Neoplasia | ||
| − | + | ==Introduction== | |
| − | + | Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common primary tumor of the equine stomach.<ref name="Olsen">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) ''Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> It can affect the cardia and upper squamous regions of the stomach, resulting in a persistent mild [[Colic Diagnosis - Clinical Signs|colic]], commonly seen soon after feeding. The tumor can invade and metastasize to lymph nodes, the lungs and regions palpable on [[Colic Diagnosis - Rectal Examination|rectal examination]].<ref name="Olsen">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) ''Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> | |
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| − | + | See also: '''[[Colic, Gastric Causes]] | |
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| − | == | + | ==Clinical Signs== |
| − | + | The main clinical signs include '''weight loss''' and general ill health.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref> Other signs may include anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distension, hypersalivation, pyrexia, tachypnoea, reduced borborygmi<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses. ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref> and abnormal chewing and swallowing behaviour.<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref> '''Hypertrophic osteopathy''' associated with this neoplastic disease has been reported in one horse.<ref>Schleining, J.A, Voss, E.D (2004) Hypertophic osteopathy secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. ''Equine Vet Educ'', 16:304-307. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) ''Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> | |
| − | == | + | ==Diagnosis== |
| − | + | Diagnosis is usually made by exclusion of other causes of weight loss and '''gastroscopy'''. '''Haematology''' may reveal a normocytic anaemia, neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia,<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref>hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia.<ref name="McKenzie">McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses. ''Aust Vet J'', 75(7):480-3.</ref> '''Hypercalcaemia of malignancy''' may also be noted.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses. ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref> [[Abdominocentesis]] may demonstrate abnormal [[Colic - Peritoneal Fluid Analysis|peritoneal effusions]] with neoplastic cells, inflammatory exudates<ref name="McKenzie">McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses. ''Aust Vet J'', 75(7):480-3.</ref> and elevated total protein concentrations.<ref>Tennant, B, Keirn, D.R, White, K.K, Bentinck-Smith, J, King, J.M (1982) Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach of the horse. ''Equine Vet J'', 14(3):238-43.</ref> [[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|Abdominal ultrasound]] may also help to locate metastases. The most common finding in the stomach at ''post-mortem'' is a single ulcerated, necrotic mass in the squamous region.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses. ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref> There may also be nodules lining the peritoneum.<ref name="Olsen2">Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. ''Vet Rec'', 131:170-173.</ref> | |
==Treatment and Prognosis== | ==Treatment and Prognosis== | ||
| − | In most cases, surgical resection is not possible<ref>East, L.M, Savage, C.J (1998) Abdominal neoplasia (excluding urogenital tract). ''Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract'', 14:475-493. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) ''Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> and the prognosis is grave. | + | In most cases, surgical resection is not possible<ref>East, L.M, Savage, C.J (1998) Abdominal neoplasia (excluding urogenital tract). ''Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract'', 14:475-493. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) ''Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> and the prognosis is grave, with a short survival time after diagnosis.<ref name="Talor">Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses. ''J Vet Intern Med'', 23(5):1097-102.</ref> |
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| + | {{Learning | ||
| + | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Squamous+Cell+Carcinoma%22%29+AND+%28title%3A%28gastr*%29+OR+title%3A%28stomach%29%29+AND+od%3A%28horses%29 Gastric Squamous Cell Carcinoma in horses publications] | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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| − | [[Category: | + | {{review}} |
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| + | [[Category:Expert_Review]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Colic - Gastric Causes]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Stomach Diseases - Horse]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Neoplasia]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:02, 6 July 2012
Also known as: Gastric Neoplasia
Introduction
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common primary tumor of the equine stomach.[1] It can affect the cardia and upper squamous regions of the stomach, resulting in a persistent mild colic, commonly seen soon after feeding. The tumor can invade and metastasize to lymph nodes, the lungs and regions palpable on rectal examination.[1]
See also: Colic, Gastric Causes
Clinical Signs
The main clinical signs include weight loss and general ill health.[2] Other signs may include anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distension, hypersalivation, pyrexia, tachypnoea, reduced borborygmi[3] and abnormal chewing and swallowing behaviour.[4] Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with this neoplastic disease has been reported in one horse.[5]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually made by exclusion of other causes of weight loss and gastroscopy. Haematology may reveal a normocytic anaemia, neutrophilia, hypoalbuminaemia,[4]hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia.[6] Hypercalcaemia of malignancy may also be noted.[3] Abdominocentesis may demonstrate abnormal peritoneal effusions with neoplastic cells, inflammatory exudates[6] and elevated total protein concentrations.[7] Abdominal ultrasound may also help to locate metastases. The most common finding in the stomach at post-mortem is a single ulcerated, necrotic mass in the squamous region.[3] There may also be nodules lining the peritoneum.[4]
Treatment and Prognosis
In most cases, surgical resection is not possible[8] and the prognosis is grave, with a short survival time after diagnosis.[3]
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References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. Vet Rec, 131:170-173. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.
- ↑ Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial.
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Taylor S.D, Haldorson, G.J, Vaughan, B, Pusterla, N (2009) Gastric neoplasia in horses. J Vet Intern Med, 23(5):1097-102.
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 Olsen, S.N (1992) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the equine stomach: a report of 5 cases. Vet Rec, 131:170-173.
- ↑ Schleining, J.A, Voss, E.D (2004) Hypertophic osteopathy secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Equine Vet Educ, 16:304-307. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.
- ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 McKenzie, E.C, Mills, J.N, Bolton, J.R (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three horses. Aust Vet J, 75(7):480-3.
- ↑ Tennant, B, Keirn, D.R, White, K.K, Bentinck-Smith, J, King, J.M (1982) Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach of the horse. Equine Vet J, 14(3):238-43.
- ↑ East, L.M, Savage, C.J (1998) Abdominal neoplasia (excluding urogenital tract). Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 14:475-493. In: Zimmel, D.N (2010) Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.
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