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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Ureteral ectopia is a '''congenital condition''' where the ureters bypass the bladder and open into the '''proximal urethra and vagina'''.
Ureteral ectopia is a '''congenital condition''' where the ureters bypass the bladder and open into the '''proximal urethra and vagina'''.
'''Fluoroscopy''' enables to visualise active movement of contrast within the urinary system.
'''Fluoroscopy''' enables to visualise active movement of contrast within the urinary system.
'''Ultrasonography''' is very useful to visualise the ureters emptying/
'''Ultrasonography''' is very useful to visualise the ureters emptying.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
<u>'''Intramural ectopic ureter'''</u>:
<u>'''Intramural ectopic ureter'''</u>:
The aim is to create a '''new stoma''' between the intramural portion of the ureter and the bladder. The intramural ureter distal to the stoma is occluded or surgically excised.
This is the technique of choice for the majority of bitches as the ureter usually enters the bladder wall at the normal external site and runs intramurally, bypassing the trigone, before entering the urethra.
This is the technique of choice for the majority of bitches as the ureter usually enters the bladder wall at the normal external site and runs intramurally, bypassing the trigone, before entering the urethra.
Fine suture material, fine instruments and magnification are required.
Fine suture material, fine instruments and magnification are required.
<u>'''Extramural ectopic ureter'''</u>:
<u>'''Extramural ectopic ureter'''</u>:
In these cases, the ureter is '''transected and re-attached''' directly to the bladder urothelium via a '''tunnel''' through the detrusor muscle. This can be performed via an intravesical or extravesical approach.
This is the technique of choice for most feline ectopic ureters and some ectopic ureters in male dogs.
This is the technique of choice for most feline ectopic ureters and some ectopic ureters in male dogs.
Merck and CO (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
Merck and CO (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
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[[Category:Lower Urinary Tract - Developmental Pathology]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]