Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
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Line 1: − + + + + + − + − + − + − + − + − − BEF is transmitted by a range of '''insect vectors''' including [[Culicidae|mosquitoes]] and [[Ceratopogonidae|midges]]. This is the '''ONLY route of disease transmission.''' − + − − Disease is more severe in '''fat, lactating and heavily pregnant cows and bulls/steers.''' Line 27:
Line 27: − + − − − − Lymphadenopathy − − '''Stiffness and lameness''' in the limbs with tremors/spasms and recumbency − − Gastrointestinal '''hypomotility''' and constipation or [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]. − Pregnant cattle may '''abort and infertility''' can occur in either sex. Cows may develop agalactia.+ − Dullness, depression, lethargy and coma in severe cases+ − + − '''Subcutaneous emphysema, oedema and crepitation'''+ − − Hot weather increases mortality in epidemics. − + − + − + − + − '''Calcium borogluconate''' − + − − − + − + − Quarantine also has no impact upon local spread due to vector transmission.+ − '''Movement regulations''' vary with country and time and should be adhered to. + + − Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bovine Ephemeral Fever datasheet''', accessed 16/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/+ + + + + + + + + + + − Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus datasheet''', accessed 16/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/+ − + + +
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Also Known As –''''' BEF – Dengue Fever – Lazy Man’s Disease – Stiff Sickness – 3 day Sickness – Dragon Boat Disease – Vil – Bovine Epizootic Fever – Stiffsiekte (South Africa)'''''
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{{Podcasts
|link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/bovine-ephemeral-fever
}}
Also Known As: ''''' BEF — Lazy Man’s Disease — Stiff Sickness — 3 day Sickness — Dragon Boat Disease — Vil — Bovine Epizootic Fever — Stiffsiekte (South Africa)'''''
Caused By – ''Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus - BEFV''
Caused By: '''''Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus — BEFV'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Bovine Ephemeral Fever is a '''[[Viruses|viral]] disease''' causing fever, dehydration, gastrointestinal, reproductive and neurological disease in '''cattle'''. The pathogen involved is a [[Rhabdoviridae|rhabdovirus]].
Bovine Ephemeral Fever is caused by an RNA virus – a [[Rhabdoviridae|rhabdovirus]]. Typically there is a sudden onset of fever with a sudden milk drop. It is transmitted rapidly with evident lameness, depression and often anorexia. Recovery is often rapid – 3 day fever. Morbidity can be up to 100% but mortality is low (1-2%).
Due to its geographical distribution and association with heavy precipitation, BEF often occurs simultaneously with '''epizootics of [[Rift Valley Fever]].'''
Due to its geographical distribution and association with heavy precipitation, BEF can occur simultaneously with '''epizootics of [[Rift Valley Fever]].'''
BEF is not zoonotic.
BEF is not zoonotic.
This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)].
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
'''Asia, Africa, Australia and Pacific islands'''
The virus occurs in '''Asia, Africa, Australia and Pacific islands'''. It is transmitted by a range of '''insect vectors''' including [[Culicidae|mosquitoes]] and [[Ceratopogonidae|midges]]. This is the '''ONLY route of disease transmission.'''
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Cattle and buffalo appear to be the only natural host of BEF.
Cattle and buffalo appear to be the only natural host of BEF. The disease is more severe in '''fat, lactating and heavily pregnant cows and bulls/steers.'''
In tropical regions, disease occurs in the wet season, while in temperate countries, it tends to present throughout Spring, Summer and Autumn.
In tropical regions, disease occurs in the wet season, while in temperate countries, it tends to present throughout Spring, Summer and Autumn.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
'''Very high fever, dehydration, animals often refuse to drink.'''
The main clinical signs are '''very high fever, dehydration and animals often refuse to drink.''' Many signs are attributable to the '''[[Hypocalcaemia|hypocalcaemia]]''' caused by BEF.
Many signs are attributable to the '''[[Hypocalcaemia|hypocalcaemia]]''' caused by BEF.
Lymphadenopathy may be a feature as well as '''stiffness and lameness''' in the limbs with tremors/spasms and possible recumbency.
Gastrointestinal disease may present as '''hypomotility''' and constipation but occasionally there can be [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]. Pregnant cattle may '''abort''' whilst '''infertility''' can occur in either sex. Cows may develop agalactia.
'''Respiratory''' disease
Other signs may include dullness, depression, lethargy and coma in severe cases. Some animals develop '''respiratory''' disease and '''subcutaneous emphysema, oedema and crepitation'''.
Hot, moist weather increases mortality in epidemics.
'''''Mild cases''''' - <18mo old, ocular and nasal discharge, lameness, inappetance, fever, recovery in 1-2days.
'''''Mild cases''''' - <18mo old, ocular and nasal discharge, lameness, inappetance, fever, recovery in 1-2days.
'''''Moderate''''' – Severe depression, recumbency, respiratory signs, salivation and dehydration, Rumenal atony, milk reduction.
'''''Moderate''''' – Severe depression, recumbency, respiratory signs, salivation and dehydration, rumenal atony, milk reduction.
'''''Severe''''' – lateral recumbency, paralysis, reflex loss, subcutaneous emphysema, tachycardia and tachypnoea, mortalities. Residual paralysis may remain after resolution of fever.
'''''Severe''''' – lateral recumbency, paralysis, reflex loss, subcutaneous emphysema, tachycardia and tachypnoea, mortalities. Residual paralysis may remain after resolution of fever.
Viraemia usually lasts '''3-5 days''' after which recovery and natural immunity are life-long.
Viraemia usually lasts '''3-5 days''' after which recovery is rapid and natural immunity is long lasting.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is often based on '''clinical observations''' of various stages of disease present simultaneously and '''history''' of sudden onset outbreaks on the farm or neighbouring units.
Diagnosis is often based on '''clinical observations''' of various stages of disease present simultaneously and '''history''' of sudden onset outbreaks on the farm or neighbouring units.
'''Isolation of virus from blood''' taken during '''pyrexic phase''' is most efficient laboratory method of diagnosis. The virus can be identified by '''Immunofluorescence or immunostaining.'''
'''Isolation of virus from blood''' taken during '''pyrexic phase''' is the gold standard laboratory method of diagnosis, but is demanding. Molecular diagnosis is preferred these days. The virus can also be identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]] or immunostaining.'''
A '''rising antibody titre''' when sampled during fever and 2 weeks later is also confirmatory.
A '''rising antibody titre''' when sampled during fever and 2 weeks later is also confirmatory.
On post-mortem, only generalised inflammatory changes are evident with neutrophilic infiltration of tissues and muscle necrosis. Straw coloured fibrinous fluid is often present in several cavities.
On post-mortem, generalised inflammatory changes are evident with neutrophilic infiltration of tissues and muscle necrosis. Straw coloured fibrinous fluid is often present in several cavities.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
'''NSAIDs''' will resolve many clinical signs and reduce pyrexia.
'''Calcium borogluconate''' and/or '''[[NSAIDs]]''' will resolve many clinical signs and reduce pyrexia. All should be '''injected''' as swallowing reflex may be dysfunctional.
All should be '''injected''' as swallowing reflex may be dysfunctional.
Draught cattle need '''rest for at least one week''' after recovery or further mortalities may occur.
Draught cattle need '''rest for at least one week''' after recovery or further mortalities may occur.
==Control==
==Control==
'''Vaccines''' are available in Japan, Australia and South Africa. Annual boosters are essential to maintain immunity. All are too '''expensive''' for use in developing countries.
'''Vaccines''' are available in Japan, Australia and South Africa. Annual boosters are essential to maintain immunity. All are '''expensive''' for use in developing countries.
Vector control is theoretical and almost impossible.
Vector control is theoretical and almost impossible. Quarantine also has no impact upon local spread due to vector transmission. '''Movement regulations''' vary with country and time and should be adhered to.
Cattle in good health usually recover quickly and have a long lasting immunity.
{{Learning
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Bovine Ephemeral Fever Flashcards]]
|flashcards = [[Bovine Ephemeral Fever Flashcards]]
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=91708 Bovine Ephemeral Fever] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91736&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Bovine Emphemeral Fever Virus]
|date = 16/06/2011
}}
<br><br><br>
{{Joe Brownlie
|date = July 8, 2011}}
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[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:Rhabdoviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
[[Category:Joe Brownlie reviewed]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]