Difference between revisions of "Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology"
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− | + | <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big> | |
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
− | The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] and [[Oropharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|oropharynx]]. | + | The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] and [[Oral Cavity - Oropharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|oropharynx]]. Itis involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipultaing food in [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. It is also involved in the [[Deglutition|deglutition]] reflex and vocalisation. |
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+ | The tongue is capable of vigerous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. | ||
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− | == | + | ==Functional Anatomy== |
− | + | *Skeletal muscle dorsally | |
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− | + | *Structural fat surrounded by cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa ventrally | |
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− | + | *Attached root and body with a free apex | |
− | + | *Frenulum (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] | |
− | + | *Root of tongue attached to hyoid bone | |
− | The | + | *In the horse and dog the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the median sulcus. |
− | '' | + | *In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue if 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The tonus linguae is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the [[Hard Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|hard palate]]. |
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− | + | ==Muscles== | |
− | + | '''Intrinsic Muscles''' | |
− | + | *The dorsal and ventral longitudinal | |
− | + | * Transverse and vertical bundles | |
− | ''' | + | '''Extrinsic Muscles''' |
− | + | *Styloglossus | |
+ | -Origin: Hyoid apparatus (stylohyoid) | ||
+ | -Retracts and elevates tongue | ||
− | + | *Genioglossus | |
+ | -Origin: Incisive part of mandible | ||
+ | -Protrudes and depressed tongue | ||
− | + | *Hyoglossus | |
+ | -Origin: Hyoid apparatus (basihyoid) | ||
+ | -Retracts and depresses tongue | ||
− | + | *Geniohyoideus | |
+ | -Origin: Incisive part of mandible | ||
+ | -Insertion: Body of hyoid | ||
+ | -Lies below the tongue (not within it) | ||
+ | -Draws the hyoid and therefore the tongue forward | ||
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− | == | + | ==Innervation== |
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− | + | *All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | |
− | + | *Rostral 2/3 of tongue is innervated by the lingual branch of trigeminal (CN V) which is sensory supplying temperature, touch and pain. The Chorda tympani of facial (CN VII) supplies the taste. | |
− | + | *The caudal 1/3 of tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) providing motor function for taste. | |
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− | === | + | ==Histology== |
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− | + | *Stratified squamous epithelium | |
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− | + | *Lingual glands | |
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− | + | *Mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface | |
− | + | *Degree of keratinisation depends on diet | |
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− | + | *Less keratinisation on ventral surface and sides of tongue | |
− | + | *Covered by papillae (taste buds)for protection and taste | |
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− | === | + | ==Taste Buds== |
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− | === | + | ==Species Differences== |
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− | + | *Dog has stretch receptors in the tongue | |
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− | + | *Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting | |
− | + | *Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface) | |
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− | + | *Cat has long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough | |
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Revision as of 15:47, 1 July 2008
Introduction
The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Itis involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipultaing food in oral cavity. It is also involved in the deglutition reflex and vocalisation.
The tongue is capable of vigerous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the oral cavity.
Functional Anatomy
- Skeletal muscle dorsally
- Structural fat surrounded by cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa ventrally
- Attached root and body with a free apex
- Frenulum (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
- Root of tongue attached to hyoid bone
- In the horse and dog the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the median sulcus.
- In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue if 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The tonus linguae is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the hard palate.
Muscles
Intrinsic Muscles
- The dorsal and ventral longitudinal
- Transverse and vertical bundles
Extrinsic Muscles
- Styloglossus
-Origin: Hyoid apparatus (stylohyoid) -Retracts and elevates tongue
- Genioglossus
-Origin: Incisive part of mandible -Protrudes and depressed tongue
- Hyoglossus
-Origin: Hyoid apparatus (basihyoid) -Retracts and depresses tongue
- Geniohyoideus
-Origin: Incisive part of mandible -Insertion: Body of hyoid -Lies below the tongue (not within it) -Draws the hyoid and therefore the tongue forward
Innervation
- All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Rostral 2/3 of tongue is innervated by the lingual branch of trigeminal (CN V) which is sensory supplying temperature, touch and pain. The Chorda tympani of facial (CN VII) supplies the taste.
- The caudal 1/3 of tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) providing motor function for taste.
Histology
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Lingual glands
- Mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface
- Degree of keratinisation depends on diet
- Less keratinisation on ventral surface and sides of tongue
- Covered by papillae (taste buds)for protection and taste
Taste Buds
Species Differences
- Dog has stretch receptors in the tongue
- Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting
- Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface)
- Cat has long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough