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Salmonella spp. are gram-negative straight rods, usually flagellated, facultative anaerobes.
    
===Overview===
 
===Overview===
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**Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria
 
**Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria
 
**Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa  
 
**Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa  
**Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] and macrophages
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**Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and macrophages
 
**Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease
 
**Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease
 
**Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia
 
**Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia
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*Young and debilitated animals susceptible
 
*Young and debilitated animals susceptible
 
*''Salmonella'' serotypes:
 
*''Salmonella'' serotypes:
**''S.'' Tymphimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry
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**''S.'' Typhimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry
 
**''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans
 
**''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans
 
**''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle
 
**''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle
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**Die within 48 hours if not treated
 
**Die within 48 hours if not treated
 
**Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals
 
**Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals
**Found in [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
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**Found in [[Infectious Arthritis#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
**Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Secondary Thrombocytopenic Disease|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]]
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**Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Platelet Abnormalities|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]]
 
**''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease
 
**''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease
 
*Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
 
*Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
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***Abortion with no other clinical signs  
 
***Abortion with no other clinical signs  
 
***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough
 
***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough
***Can cause [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals
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***Can cause [[Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals
 
***Most survivors become subclinical excretors
 
***Most survivors become subclinical excretors
 
***May become latent carriers with no excretion
 
***May become latent carriers with no excretion
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==In Reptiles==
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It is estimated that between 36 and 77% lizards harbour Salmonella - the most recognized reptilian zoonosis. Owners must be educated regarding the public health hazard (especially for the very young, the old and the immune compromised).
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[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
 
      
[[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]]
 
[[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]]
 
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
 
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
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