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− | {{review}}
| + | Salmonella spp. are gram-negative straight rods, usually flagellated, facultative anaerobes. |
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| ===Overview=== | | ===Overview=== |
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| **Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria | | **Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria |
| **Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa | | **Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa |
− | **Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] and macrophages | + | **Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and macrophages |
| **Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease | | **Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease |
| **Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia | | **Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia |
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| *Young and debilitated animals susceptible | | *Young and debilitated animals susceptible |
| *''Salmonella'' serotypes: | | *''Salmonella'' serotypes: |
− | **''S.'' Tymphimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry | + | **''S.'' Typhimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry |
| **''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans | | **''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans |
| **''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle | | **''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle |
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| **Die within 48 hours if not treated | | **Die within 48 hours if not treated |
| **Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals | | **Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals |
− | **Found in [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis of horses]] | + | **Found in [[Infectious Arthritis#In Horses|arthritis of horses]] |
− | **Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Secondary Thrombocytopenic Disease|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]] | + | **Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Platelet Abnormalities|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]] |
| **''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease | | **''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease |
| *Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]: | | *Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]: |
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| ***Abortion with no other clinical signs | | ***Abortion with no other clinical signs |
| ***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough | | ***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough |
− | ***Can cause [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals | + | ***Can cause [[Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals |
| ***Most survivors become subclinical excretors | | ***Most survivors become subclinical excretors |
| ***May become latent carriers with no excretion | | ***May become latent carriers with no excretion |
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| + | ==In Reptiles== |
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| + | It is estimated that between 36 and 77% lizards harbour Salmonella - the most recognized reptilian zoonosis. Owners must be educated regarding the public health hazard (especially for the very young, the old and the immune compromised). |
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− | | + | [[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]] |
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| [[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]] | | [[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]] |
| [[Category:Zoonoses]] | | [[Category:Zoonoses]] |
| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]] |