Difference between revisions of "Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) - Nutrition"
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==What is Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?== | ==What is Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?== | ||
| − | Vitamin B<sub>5</sub>, also called pantothenic acid, is an ''' | + | Vitamin B<sub>5</sub>, also called pantothenic acid, is an '''essential water-soluble vitamin used in energy metabolism'''. Pantothenic acid is an integral component of [[Nutrition Glossary#Coenzyme|coenzyme]] A, which is synthesised in animals by a series of steps that involve the initial phosphorylation to pantothenic acid 4' -phosphate catalysed by pantothenate kinase, the primary regulatory step of Coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis<ref name="Plesofsky">Plesofsky N.S. (2001) Pantothenic acid. In Handbook of Vitamins. Third ed. Rucker, R. B., J.W. Suttie, D. B. McCormick and 1. J. Machlin ed. pp 317-337. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.</ref>. Dietary pantothenic acid is widely distributed in many foods, and is normally found as a component of CoA, acyl-CoA synthetase, or acyl carrier proteins. All of these forms are hydrolysed to pantothenic acid within the intestinal lumen prior to being absorbed by carrier mediated transport across the mucosa. Pantothenic acid is then transported in blood bound to [[Erythrocyte|red blood cells]] to target tissues. Pantothenic acid is filtered by the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy#Proximal Tubule|renal tubules]], with active reabsorption during periods of low intake<ref name="Silber">Silber RH. Studies of pantothenic acid deficiency in dogs. J Nutr 1944;27:425-433.</ref>. |
==Why is it Important?== | ==Why is it Important?== | ||
| − | Pantothenic acid is an integral component of Coenzyme A (CoA) which is a key substrate in energy metabolism and is also required for synthesis of certain | + | Pantothenic acid is an integral component of Coenzyme A (CoA) which is a key substrate in energy metabolism and is also required for synthesis of certain proteins and fatty acids. |
==Roles in the Body== | ==Roles in the Body== | ||
| − | #'''Energy Metabolism''': Pantothenic acid as CoA forms acetyl-CoA, which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during oxidation of glucose and fatty acids<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.223-225 | + | #'''Energy Metabolism''': Pantothenic acid as CoA forms acetyl-CoA, which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during oxidation of glucose and fatty acids<ref name="Silber"/><ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.223-225.</ref> |
| − | #'''Synthesis Reactions''': Acetyl-CoA is used to form succinyl-CoA for synthesis of the porphyrin ring in [[Erythrocytes#Function|haemoglobin]]; CoA involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol, and [[Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) - Nutrition|vitamin D]]<ref name=" | + | #'''Synthesis Reactions''': Acetyl-CoA is used to form succinyl-CoA for synthesis of the porphyrin ring in [[Erythrocytes#Function|haemoglobin]]; CoA involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol, and [[Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) - Nutrition|vitamin D]]<ref name="Silber"/><ref name="NRC"/>. |
==Consequences of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency== | ==Consequences of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency== | ||
====Dogs:==== | ====Dogs:==== | ||
| − | Dogs and puppies fed pantothenic acid-deficient diets experienced poor food intake and can develop sudden prostration and coma, tachypnea and tachycardia, gastritis, enteritis, and [[Intussusception| | + | Dogs and puppies fed pantothenic acid-deficient diets experienced poor food intake and can develop sudden prostration and coma, tachypnea and tachycardia, gastritis, enteritis, and [[Intussusception|intussuseptions]]; death can results if efficiency not corrected<ref name="Plesofsky"/><ref name="Sweetman">Sweetman L. Pantothenic acid and biotin. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p. 520-529.</ref>. |
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====Cats:==== | ====Cats:==== | ||
| − | There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates | + | There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates<ref>Schaefer AE, et al. Pantothenic acid deficiency studies in the dog. J Biol Chem 1942;143:321-330.</ref>. |
| − | + | Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g., chronic disease, such as renal disease or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as intravenous fluids or increased water intake with management of [[Cystitis|lower urinary diseases]]) can result in increased loss of pantothenic acid and may increase daily requirements. Patient on chronic haemodialysis are at an increased risk for developing a deficiency. | |
| − | |||
| − | Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g. chronic disease, such as | ||
==Toxicity== | ==Toxicity== | ||
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==Dietary Sources== | ==Dietary Sources== | ||
| − | Variable amounts of pantothenic acid occur naturally in all foods, but is found in highest concentrations in muscle and organ meats, eggs, dairy, cereal grains, and pulses (i.e. legumes). Pantothenic acid is typically supplemented in commercially-prepared complete and balanced dog and cat foods. Pantothenic acid like other water-soluble vitamins is prone to degradation with heat processing, and manufacturers have to account for processing losses in their recipes. | + | Variable amounts of pantothenic acid occur naturally in all foods, but is found in highest concentrations in muscle and organ meats, eggs, dairy, cereal grains, and pulses (i.e., legumes). Pantothenic acid is typically supplemented in commercially-prepared complete and balanced dog and cat foods. Pantothenic acid like other water-soluble vitamins is prone to degradation with heat processing, and manufacturers have to account for processing losses in their recipes. |
==Diagnosing Pantothenic Acid Deficiency== | ==Diagnosing Pantothenic Acid Deficiency== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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[[Category:Vitamins]] | [[Category:Vitamins]] | ||
| + | [[Category:To Do - Nutrition]] | ||
| + | [[Category:To Do - Nutrition preMars]] | ||
Revision as of 12:36, 19 May 2015
What is Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?
Vitamin B5, also called pantothenic acid, is an essential water-soluble vitamin used in energy metabolism. Pantothenic acid is an integral component of coenzyme A, which is synthesised in animals by a series of steps that involve the initial phosphorylation to pantothenic acid 4' -phosphate catalysed by pantothenate kinase, the primary regulatory step of Coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis[1]. Dietary pantothenic acid is widely distributed in many foods, and is normally found as a component of CoA, acyl-CoA synthetase, or acyl carrier proteins. All of these forms are hydrolysed to pantothenic acid within the intestinal lumen prior to being absorbed by carrier mediated transport across the mucosa. Pantothenic acid is then transported in blood bound to red blood cells to target tissues. Pantothenic acid is filtered by the renal tubules, with active reabsorption during periods of low intake[2].
Why is it Important?
Pantothenic acid is an integral component of Coenzyme A (CoA) which is a key substrate in energy metabolism and is also required for synthesis of certain proteins and fatty acids.
Roles in the Body
- Energy Metabolism: Pantothenic acid as CoA forms acetyl-CoA, which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during oxidation of glucose and fatty acids[2][3]
- Synthesis Reactions: Acetyl-CoA is used to form succinyl-CoA for synthesis of the porphyrin ring in haemoglobin; CoA involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol, and vitamin D[2][3].
Consequences of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
Dogs:
Dogs and puppies fed pantothenic acid-deficient diets experienced poor food intake and can develop sudden prostration and coma, tachypnea and tachycardia, gastritis, enteritis, and intussuseptions; death can results if efficiency not corrected[1][4].
Cats:
There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates[5]. Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g., chronic disease, such as renal disease or diabetes, or therapeutic intervention, such as intravenous fluids or increased water intake with management of lower urinary diseases) can result in increased loss of pantothenic acid and may increase daily requirements. Patient on chronic haemodialysis are at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.
Toxicity
There are no published reports of pantothenic acid toxicity in dogs and cats.
Dietary Sources
Variable amounts of pantothenic acid occur naturally in all foods, but is found in highest concentrations in muscle and organ meats, eggs, dairy, cereal grains, and pulses (i.e., legumes). Pantothenic acid is typically supplemented in commercially-prepared complete and balanced dog and cat foods. Pantothenic acid like other water-soluble vitamins is prone to degradation with heat processing, and manufacturers have to account for processing losses in their recipes.
Diagnosing Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
Diagnosis is also made on clinical signs consistent with deficiency and evaluation of diet (either direct measurement or computer evaluation for pantothenic acid).
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Plesofsky N.S. (2001) Pantothenic acid. In Handbook of Vitamins. Third ed. Rucker, R. B., J.W. Suttie, D. B. McCormick and 1. J. Machlin ed. pp 317-337. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Silber RH. Studies of pantothenic acid deficiency in dogs. J Nutr 1944;27:425-433.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.223-225.
- ↑ Sweetman L. Pantothenic acid and biotin. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p. 520-529.
- ↑ Schaefer AE, et al. Pantothenic acid deficiency studies in the dog. J Biol Chem 1942;143:321-330.