Difference between revisions of "Trichomonosis - Birds"

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Also Known As: Canker — Frounce — Roup — Tetratrichomiasis — Trichomoniasis — Avian Trichomonosis

Caused by: Trichomonas gallinae

Introduction

Trichomonas species with its anterior flagellae and undulating membrane

Avian trichomonosis is primarily an upper gastrointestinal disease of birds caused by the flagellate protozoal pathogen Trichomonas gallinae.

Columbiforms (pigeons and doves) are the primary hosts. Residing primarily in the crop, the parasite is passed from infected parents to offspring during “pigeon milk” feeding early in life. Adult columbiforms also transmit the protozoan during courtship displays. Infection can then persist for considerable time. Only young birds usually show signs of disease.

Domestic chicken and turkey infections are solely acquired from drinking water contaminated by wild birds, usually feral pigeons. There is no vertical transmission from parent to offspring. Birds of prey can also acquire the disease by ingestion of infected birds.

Distribution

Trichomonosis is present worldwide and is a significant cause of economic loss in pigeons and turkeys. T. gallinae is an exceptionally hardy parasite, and can survive a wide range of suboptimal environmental conditions without a cyst form.

Clinical Signs

Presence of the parasite in the crop, oesophagus, mouth, throat and sinuses causes yellow lesions/masses that grow in size and become obstructive. Birds may not be able to close their mouths, causing dyspnoea, dysphagia and fluid accumulation within the oral cavity. Weight loss, ocular discharge, ataxia and blindness are also commonly reported.

Diagnosis

Presence of yellow vesicles, “buttons” or masses on the oral mucosa and oesophagus is highly suggestive.

Pharyngeal or crop swabs can be used for laboratory culture and Giemsa staining achieving definitive diagnosis. Immediate microscopy of a direct swab may reveal motile, flagellated protozoal organisms.

Pathology

Caseous lesions/masses are commonly present within the mouth, oesophagus, crop and glandular stomach.

The most frequently affected visceral organ is the liver, which can then occasionally cause distribution throughout the abdominal cavity.

In very young birds (squabs) the navel region may be affected, encasing many visceral organs in a caseous mass.

Treatment

2-amino-5-nitrothiazole is the drug of choice due to its lack of adverse effects and few resistance problems at present.

Carnidazole, dimetridazole, metronizadole and ronidazole have also been used successfully. All are administered in water or by force feeding.

Control

Prevention of wild birds' access to water sources, good sanitation protocols and quarantine of new birds are paramount to control of this disease.

Relevant links: Bovine Trichomonosis

Trichomonosis - Birds Learning Resources
Flashcards Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions	Avian Trichomonosis Flashcards
Literature Search Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract (CABI log in required)	Avian Trichomonosis Publications

References

This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on 3 June 2011.

BonDurant, R.H., Honigberg, B.M., 1994. Trichomonads of veterinary importance. In: Kreier, J.P. (Ed.), Parasitic Protozoa, 2nd ed. vol. 9. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 168–177.

Frank K. (2004). Canker [online] Available at: http://www.albertaclassic.com/trichomonas/trichomonas.php. [Accessed 12 May 2011]

Franssen, F. F. J., Lumeij, J. T.(1992) In vitro nitroimidazole resistance of Trichomonas gallinae and successful therapy with an increased dosage of ronidazole in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica). J Vet Pharm Therap, 15(4):409-415; 20.

Levine N. D (1973) The Trichomonads Levine ND, ed. Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man. Burgess Publishing Company. Minnesota, USA , 88-110.

Samour J. H., Bailey, T. A., Cooper, J. E. (1995) Trichomoniasis in birds of prey (Order falconiformes) in Bahrain. Vet Record, 136(14):358-362.

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Avian trichomonosis is primarily an '''upper gastrointestinal''' disease of '''birds''' caused by the flagellate [[Protozoa| protozoal]] pathogen  ''[[Trichomonas gallinae]]''.
-'''Columbiformes''' (pigeons and doves) are the primary hosts.
+'''Columbiforms''' (pigeons and doves) are the primary hosts.
-Residing primarily in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology | crop]] or ingluvies, the parasite is passed from infected '''parents to offspring''' during “pigeon milk” feeding early in life. Adult columbiformes also transmit the protozoan during courtship displays. Infection can then persist for considerable time. Only '''young''' or debilitated birds usually show signs of disease.
+Residing primarily in the [[Crop - Anatomy and Physiology | crop]], the parasite is passed from infected '''parents to offspring''' during “pigeon milk” feeding early in life. Adult columbiforms also transmit the protozoan during courtship displays. Infection can then persist for considerable time. Only '''young''' birds usually show signs of disease.
-Domestic chicken and turkey infections are often acquired from drinking '''water contaminated''' by wild birds, usually feral pigeons, ''Columba livia'' or Wood Pigeons, ''Columba palumbus''. There is no vertical transmission from parent to offspring.
+Domestic chicken and turkey infections are solely acquired from drinking '''water contaminated''' by wild birds, usually feral pigeons. There is no vertical transmission from parent to offspring.
-'''Birds of prey''' can also acquire the disease by ingestion of infected birds, and in these species, the disease is often referred to as '''frounce'''.
+'''Birds of prey''' can also acquire the disease by ingestion of infected birds.
 ==Distribution==
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 The most frequently affected visceral organ is the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology | liver]]''', which can then occasionally cause distribution throughout the abdominal cavity.
-In very young pigeons (squabs) the '''navel''' region may be affected, encasing many visceral organs in a caseous mass.
+In very young birds (squabs) the '''navel''' region may be affected, encasing many visceral organs in a caseous mass.
 ==Treatment==
 '''2-amino-5-nitrothiazole''' is the drug of choice due to its lack of adverse effects and few resistance problems at present.
-'''Carnidazole''', '''dimetridazole''', '''metronizadole''' and '''ronidazole''' have also been used successfully, although attention should be paid when administering these drugs to food producing animals.
+'''Carnidazole''', '''dimetridazole''', '''metronizadole''' and '''ronidazole''' have also been used successfully.
-All are administered orally, either in liquid or tablet form for direct medication, or dissolved in water.
+All are administered in water or by force feeding.
 ==Control==
-Prevention of '''wild birds'' access''' to water sources, good sanitation protocols and quarantine of new birds are paramount to control of this disease.
+Prevention of '''wild birds' access''' to water sources, good sanitation protocols and quarantine of new birds are paramount to control of this disease.
 Relevant links: [[Trichomonosis - Cattle | Bovine Trichomonosis]]
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 {{Expert Reviewed
-|by = Dr Tiana Tasca, Dr De Carli & Dr. Bev Panto
+|by = Dr Tiana Tasca and Dr De Carli
-|date = 27th July 2017
+|date = 30 August 2011
 }}