Difference between revisions of "Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency - Dog"

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==Introduction==
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The most common cause of [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency|Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)]]  in the dog is reported to be [[Pancreatic Atrophy, Exocrine| Pancreatic Acinar Atrophy (PAA)]].
 +
 
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==Signalment==
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German Shepherd dogs and Rough collies are over-represented. In both breeds it is thought to be inherited.  Many other breeds however can also be affected by EPI.
  
 
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
 
===History===
 
===History===
−
Dogs usually have a history of small bowel diarrhoea with weight loss whilst maintaining a normal or increased appetite. There may be a history of vomiting, borborygmus, Coprohagia and flatulence with signs of abdominal discomfort.
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Dogs usually have a history of small bowel diarrhoea with weight loss whilst maintaining a normal or increased appetite. There may be a history of vomiting, borborygmus, coprohagia and flatulence with signs of abdominal discomfort.
  
 
===Clinical signs===
 
===Clinical signs===
−
Weight loss is usually seen in assosiation with EPi. Hair coat is often in a poor condition and animals may be associated with a foul smell due to haircoat soiling with fatty faecal material  
+
Weight loss and muscle wastage are usually seen in assosiation with EPI. Diarrhoea and steatorrhoea are also common. Hair coat is often in a poor condition and animals may be associated with a foul smell due to hair coat soiled with fatty faecal material.
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==Laboratory Tests==
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==Radiography==
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===Laboratory Tests===
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==Pathology==
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Modest increases in Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and a decrease in cholesterol concentration are seen on routine biochemical studies in some dogs. Serum concentrations of cobalamin may be low whilst serum folate concentrations may be high. Low serum concentrations of Vitamin E are also frequently documented in dogs with EPI.
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The most sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of EPI is the '''[[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency|TLI]]''' serum assay. The values are greatly reduced as compared to normal animals. Values '''<2µg/l''' in dogs are considered diagnostic. This test must be carried out after withdrawing food for several hours.
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===Other===
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Atrophy of the pancreas seen via exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy.
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==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
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===Enzyme replacement===
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EPI can be managed with the supplementation of pancreatic enzymes from dried pancreatic extracts. Meals should be fed '''twice a day''' to allow weight gain. Many clinical signs resolve within 5 days. Doses can then be lowered to a minimum effective dose which is different for each animal. Cheaper alternatives include chopped raw cow or pig pancreas.
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===Dietary modification===
 +
Diets containing high volumes of non-fermentable fibre and low fat should be avoided. 
 +
It has been suggested that animals suffering from EPI may also benefit from readily hydrolysed and absorbed medium chain triglycerides within the diet.
 +
 +
===Vitamin supplementation===
 +
Levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and vitamin E (tocopherol) are often found to be low and hence should be supplemented.
 +
 +
===Antibiotic therapy===
 +
Dogs with EPI often have [[Antibiotic Responsive Diarrhoea|Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)]]. This can be treated with oral oxytetracycline, tylosin or metronidazole.
 +
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===Glucocorticoid therapy===
 +
Oral prednisolone may be useful in animals that do not respond to the above treatment.
 +
 +
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Dogs that do not respond well to the treatment listed above may have small intestinal disease causing malabsorption despite adequate pancreatic enzyme replacement. These cases usually require further investigation of the small intestine.
 +
 
==Prognosis==
 
==Prognosis==
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EPI is generally irreversible and hence life-long treatment is needed. The prognosis is generally good as long the owner is aware of the longevity of the disease and the cost involved with treating it.
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Exocrine+Pancreatic+Insufficiency%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=dogs&occuring2=od&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=57&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs publications]
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}}
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==References==
 
==References==
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Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
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Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''' (6th edition, volume 2)
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Tams, T.R. (2003) '''Handbook of Small Animal Gastroenterology''' (2nd edition) Saunders.
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For a list of EPI resources, treatment protocol, current EPI research and updates, along with an on-line support group for managing EPI, please visit '''[http://www.epi4dogs.com/ Epi4Dogs]''', a non-profit public charity EPI educational resource.
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{{review}}
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{{OpenPages}}
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[[Category:Expert Review]]
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[[Category:Pancreatic Diseases - Dog]]

Latest revision as of 16:53, 17 March 2022


Introduction

The most common cause of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) in the dog is reported to be Pancreatic Acinar Atrophy (PAA).

Signalment

German Shepherd dogs and Rough collies are over-represented. In both breeds it is thought to be inherited. Many other breeds however can also be affected by EPI.

Diagnosis

History

Dogs usually have a history of small bowel diarrhoea with weight loss whilst maintaining a normal or increased appetite. There may be a history of vomiting, borborygmus, coprohagia and flatulence with signs of abdominal discomfort.

Clinical signs

Weight loss and muscle wastage are usually seen in assosiation with EPI. Diarrhoea and steatorrhoea are also common. Hair coat is often in a poor condition and animals may be associated with a foul smell due to hair coat soiled with fatty faecal material.

Laboratory Tests

Modest increases in Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and a decrease in cholesterol concentration are seen on routine biochemical studies in some dogs. Serum concentrations of cobalamin may be low whilst serum folate concentrations may be high. Low serum concentrations of Vitamin E are also frequently documented in dogs with EPI. The most sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of EPI is the TLI serum assay. The values are greatly reduced as compared to normal animals. Values <2µg/l in dogs are considered diagnostic. This test must be carried out after withdrawing food for several hours.

Other

Atrophy of the pancreas seen via exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy.

Treatment

Enzyme replacement

EPI can be managed with the supplementation of pancreatic enzymes from dried pancreatic extracts. Meals should be fed twice a day to allow weight gain. Many clinical signs resolve within 5 days. Doses can then be lowered to a minimum effective dose which is different for each animal. Cheaper alternatives include chopped raw cow or pig pancreas.

Dietary modification

Diets containing high volumes of non-fermentable fibre and low fat should be avoided. It has been suggested that animals suffering from EPI may also benefit from readily hydrolysed and absorbed medium chain triglycerides within the diet.

Vitamin supplementation

Levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and vitamin E (tocopherol) are often found to be low and hence should be supplemented.

Antibiotic therapy

Dogs with EPI often have Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO). This can be treated with oral oxytetracycline, tylosin or metronidazole.

Glucocorticoid therapy

Oral prednisolone may be useful in animals that do not respond to the above treatment.


Dogs that do not respond well to the treatment listed above may have small intestinal disease causing malabsorption despite adequate pancreatic enzyme replacement. These cases usually require further investigation of the small intestine.

Prognosis

EPI is generally irreversible and hence life-long treatment is needed. The prognosis is generally good as long the owner is aware of the longevity of the disease and the cost involved with treating it.



Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency - Dog Learning Resources
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References

Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition) BSAVA

Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)

Tams, T.R. (2003) Handbook of Small Animal Gastroenterology (2nd edition) Saunders.

For a list of EPI resources, treatment protocol, current EPI research and updates, along with an on-line support group for managing EPI, please visit Epi4Dogs, a non-profit public charity EPI educational resource.

This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.



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