Difference between revisions of "Pleuritis"

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|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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|pagetype =Pathology
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|sublink1=Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology
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|subtext1=PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEMBRANES
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==Pleuritis==
 
==Pleuritis==
  
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*Common in animals
 
*Common in animals
 
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
 
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
−
**Extension from [[:Category:Pneumonia|pneumonia]]
+
**Extension from [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]]
−
***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
+
***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
 
**Bloodstream
 
**Bloodstream
−
**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritonitis|peritoneal cavity]]
+
**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory|peritoneal cavity]]
 
**Penetration of the chest
 
**Penetration of the chest
 
**From mediastinal abscessation
 
**From mediastinal abscessation
−
**Penetration from [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or abdominal viscus (commonly [[Traumatic Reticulitis|bovine traumatic recticulitis]])
+
**Penetration from [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or abdominal viscus (commonly [[Forestomach - Inflammation#Traumatic Reticulitis|bovine traumatic recticulitis]])
 
*Common acute forms:
 
*Common acute forms:
 
**Purulent  
 
**Purulent  
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****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket  
 
****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket  
 
****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
 
****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
−
*Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]]
+
*Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Bones - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Hypertrophic osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]]
−
 
 
−
===[[Pyothorax]] (Thoracic empyema)===
 
  
 +
===Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)===
  
 +
*Purulent effusion in the pleural space
 +
*Most significant in:
 +
**'''Horses'''
 +
***Usually secondary to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Pulmonary abscesses|lung abscesses]]
 +
***[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated
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***Usually yellow exudate
 +
***Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
 +
**'''Dogs'''
 +
***Often results from migrating grass awns
 +
***[[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces, Nocardia'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]] are the most frequently recovered organisms
 +
***Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
 +
***Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
 +
***Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
 +
**'''Cats'''
 +
***Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
 +
***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
 +
***Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral
  
  
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  
 
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  
 
| .
 
| .
−
| [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|'''VIRAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
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| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
−
| ''[[Actinomyces]]'' and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]]  
+
| [[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]]  
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
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|-
 
|-
 
| '''Cats'''
 
| '''Cats'''
−
| [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
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| [[Intestines - Granulomatous Enteritis#Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
−
| [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms  
+
| [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms  
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
|-
 
|-
 
| '''Horses'''
 
| '''Horses'''
−
| [[Hendra Virus|Hendra virus]]
+
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]]
 
| extension from nasopharyngeal flora
 
| extension from nasopharyngeal flora
 
| .
 
| .
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| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
−
| [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']]  
+
| [[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']]  
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
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|-
 
|-
 
| '''Pigs'''
 
| '''Pigs'''
−
| [[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]
+
| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
 
| .
 
| .
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|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
==Test yourself with the Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards==
 
−
 
−
[[Pleural_Cavity_and_Membranes_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards]]
 
−
 
−
 
−
[[Category:Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology]]
 
−
[[Category:Respiratory System - Inflammatory Pathology]]
 

Revision as of 21:31, 6 August 2008

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()Map CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Map)
PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEMBRANES



Pleuritis

  • Inflammation of the pleura
  • Common in animals
  • Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
  • Common acute forms:
    • Purulent
    • Fibrinous
      • Common sequele:
        • Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket
        • Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
  • Granulomatous pleuritis may cause hypertrophic osteopathy

Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)

  • Purulent effusion in the pleural space
  • Most significant in:
    • Horses
      • Usually secondary to pneumonia or lung abscesses
      • Streptococci are most commonly isolated
      • Usually yellow exudate
      • Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
    • Dogs
      • Often results from migrating grass awns
      • Actinomyces, Nocardia and Bacteroides spp. are the most frequently recovered organisms
      • Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
      • Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
      • Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
    • Cats
      • Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
      • P. multocida and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
      • Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral


Infectious causes of pleuritis

. VIRAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL PARASITIC
Dogs . Nocardia . .
. . Actinomyces and Bacteroides spp. . .
. . Tuberculosis . .
Cats FIP P. multocida and other Gram-negative organisms . .
Horses Hendra virus extension from nasopharyngeal flora . .
. . Streptococci . .
Cattle . Pneumonic pasteurellosis . .
. . Tuberculosis . .
. . Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia . .
Sheep . Enzootic pneumonia . .
Pigs Swine influenza Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae . .
. . Pasteurellosis . .
. . Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia . .
. . Glasser's disease . .
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