Parathyroid Glands - Anatomy & Physiology

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The Parathyroid Glands

The parathyroid glands are small glands vital for calcium homeostasis.

Anatomy

The parathyroid glands are multiple (generally four) small glands approximately 1-2mm in length are located about the cranial trachea. Generally there are two internal glands embedded within the Thyroid Glands, and two external glands are outside the thyroid tissue. However all of the parathyroid tissue may be embedded within the thyroid gland itself.

In the Horse, there are 'nests' of parathyroid tissue along the neck to the thoracic inlet.

Embryology

The parathyroid glands originate from the endoderm of pharyngeal pouches III and IV. The internal gland from pouch IV, external from pouch III.

Histology

• The parathyroids are histologically easy to distinguish from the thyroid.
  

  ©RVC 2008
  • The thyroid has a characteristic follicular structure.
  • The parathyroid consists of densely packed cells, of two types:
    1. Chief cells (Principal Cells)
       • Are the predominant cell type
       • Stain darker when active
       • Are smaller than oxyphil cells
       • Manufacture Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
    2. Oxyphil cells
       • Are fewer in number than chief cells
       • Stain lighter
       • Are larger than chief cells
       • Have unknown function
• Grossly, the parathyroids are difficult to differentiate from thyroid tissue or fat.
  • A parathyroid gland may be accidentally removed during thyroidectomy. Care must therefore be taken if the second thryoid is removed to leave the parathyroid intact, otherwise hypoparathyroidism may ensue.

Histology Gallery

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  Parathyroid Gland Low Power 1

  ^{©RVC 2008}
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  Parathyroid Gland Low Power 2

  ^{©RVC 2008}
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  Parathyroid Gland with active Principal Cells

  ^{©RVC 2008}
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  Normal Parathyroid Gland

  ^{Image courtesy of of Biomed Image Archive.}

Blood Supply and Innervation

Arteries	Veins	Nerve	Precursor
Superior thyroid artery	Superior thyroid vein	Middle cervical ganglion	Neural crest mesenchyme
Inferior thyroid artery	Middle thyroid vein	Inferior cervical ganglion	3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch endoderm
.</white>	Inferior thyroid vein	.</white>	.</white>

Physiology

• The sole function of the parathyroid gland is to maintain Calcium Homeostasis.
  • Calcium homeostasis is, amongst other things, important for maintaining function of the nervous and muscular systems.
• When blood calcium levels drop below a certain point, calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland are activated to release hormone into the blood.
• The hormone produced by the parathyroid gland (Parathyroid Hormone) also has an effect on Phosphorus Homeostasis.