Difference between revisions of "CNS Degenerative Diseases - Pathology"
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− | # | + | {{review}} |
+ | |||
+ | {{toplink | ||
+ | |backcolour = E0EEEE | ||
+ | |linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology | ||
+ | |linktext =Nervous System | ||
+ | |maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology | ||
+ | |pagetype =Pathology | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | ==Equine Laryngeal Hemiplegia== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * These [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]] are also known as "'''roarers'''" | ||
+ | * Equine laryngeal hemiplegia is a very common condition. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | # The disease starts with an idiopathic degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. | ||
+ | # This leads to atrophy of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle. | ||
+ | # Without the use of this muscle, the horse is unable to abduct the left arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold. | ||
+ | # Airways are therefore partially obstructed on inspiration. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=F_KSsrch&kw=HEMIPLEGIA View images courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD)== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Occurs in many breeds of dogs and cats. | ||
+ | * Genetic defects give deficiencies of specific enzymes of degradation. | ||
+ | ** Disease only occurs in animals homozygous at the gene pair controlling enzyme activity. | ||
+ | *** The genes are co-dominant. | ||
+ | ** Enzyme activity is extremely low or entirely absent. | ||
+ | * Large amounts of waste products accumulate within cells. | ||
+ | ** Nervous system cells are predisposed. | ||
+ | ** Cells become engorged. | ||
+ | ** Normal function is prevented. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=20531 Image 1, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine] <BR> | ||
+ | * [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=20530 Image 2, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine] | ||
+ | * [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=20185 Image 3, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Clinical Signs=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * Nervous system cells are predisposed to the disease, and so progressive neurological signs predominate. | ||
+ | ** Develop between 2 weeks and 12 months of age. | ||
+ | ** The disease is ultimately fatal. | ||
+ | * For example, Siamese cats show: | ||
+ | ** Ganglisidosis | ||
+ | ** Mucopolysaccharidosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Diagnosis=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Clinical signs are considered. | ||
+ | * Urine enzyme assays may be helpful. | ||
+ | * Post-mortem diagnosis is possible. | ||
+ | * More recently, gene tests have been available. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS)== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * CDS causes signs of senility. | ||
+ | * Increasing numbers of dogs and cats are suffering from CDS. | ||
+ | ** Prevalence is similar to that seen in humans: an 85 year-old human is roughly equivalent to a 15 year-old cat, and a 13-14 year-old dog. | ||
+ | *** Aging in dogs id breed specific. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Pathology=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * A number of changes are seen in the brains of geriatric animals which may cause the signs of CDS. | ||
+ | ** Vascular insufficiency leads to: | ||
+ | *** Hypoxia | ||
+ | *** Increased free redical production | ||
+ | *** Deposition of amyloid plaques | ||
+ | *** Modification of other brain proteins | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Treatment=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * There are no published studies related to treatment of CDS in animals. | ||
+ | * Potential therapies include: | ||
+ | ** Dietary modification | ||
+ | *** Diets are enriched with antioxidants, vitamin E, beta-carotene and essential fatty acids. | ||
+ | ** Environmental stimulation | ||
+ | ** Drugs | ||
+ | *** Selegiline | ||
+ | *** Propentofylline | ||
+ | *** Nicergoline |
Revision as of 08:51, 29 September 2008
This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |
|
Equine Laryngeal Hemiplegia
- These horses are also known as "roarers"
- Equine laryngeal hemiplegia is a very common condition.
Pathogenesis
- The disease starts with an idiopathic degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
- This leads to atrophy of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle.
- Without the use of this muscle, the horse is unable to abduct the left arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold.
- Airways are therefore partially obstructed on inspiration.
View images courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine
Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD)
- Occurs in many breeds of dogs and cats.
- Genetic defects give deficiencies of specific enzymes of degradation.
- Disease only occurs in animals homozygous at the gene pair controlling enzyme activity.
- The genes are co-dominant.
- Enzyme activity is extremely low or entirely absent.
- Disease only occurs in animals homozygous at the gene pair controlling enzyme activity.
- Large amounts of waste products accumulate within cells.
- Nervous system cells are predisposed.
- Cells become engorged.
- Normal function is prevented.
- Image 1, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine
- Image 2, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine
- Image 3, courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine
Clinical Signs
- Nervous system cells are predisposed to the disease, and so progressive neurological signs predominate.
- Develop between 2 weeks and 12 months of age.
- The disease is ultimately fatal.
- For example, Siamese cats show:
- Ganglisidosis
- Mucopolysaccharidosis
Diagnosis
- Clinical signs are considered.
- Urine enzyme assays may be helpful.
- Post-mortem diagnosis is possible.
- More recently, gene tests have been available.
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS)
- CDS causes signs of senility.
- Increasing numbers of dogs and cats are suffering from CDS.
- Prevalence is similar to that seen in humans: an 85 year-old human is roughly equivalent to a 15 year-old cat, and a 13-14 year-old dog.
- Aging in dogs id breed specific.
- Prevalence is similar to that seen in humans: an 85 year-old human is roughly equivalent to a 15 year-old cat, and a 13-14 year-old dog.
Pathology
- A number of changes are seen in the brains of geriatric animals which may cause the signs of CDS.
- Vascular insufficiency leads to:
- Hypoxia
- Increased free redical production
- Deposition of amyloid plaques
- Modification of other brain proteins
- Vascular insufficiency leads to:
Treatment
- There are no published studies related to treatment of CDS in animals.
- Potential therapies include:
- Dietary modification
- Diets are enriched with antioxidants, vitamin E, beta-carotene and essential fatty acids.
- Environmental stimulation
- Drugs
- Selegiline
- Propentofylline
- Nicergoline
- Dietary modification