Difference between revisions of "Protozoa Flashcards"

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{{toplink
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|backcolour = f5fffa
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|linkpage =Protozoa
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|linktext =PROTOZOA
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|sublink1 =Flash Cards - WikiBugs
 +
|subtext1 =WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS
 +
|pagetype =Bugs
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}}
 
[[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]]
 
[[Image:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Toxoplasma gondii'' - Ke Hu and John Murray]]
−
<big>
 
−
'''[[Coccidia Flashcards]]
 
  
−
'''[[Cryptosporidia Flashcards]]
+
==<font color="purple">Protozoa</font>==
 +
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 +
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 +
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the four different ways protozoa can move?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Cilia'''''
 +
*'''''Flagellum'''''
 +
*'''''Pseduopodia'''''
 +
*'''''Gliding'''''
 +
||[[Protozoa#Structure and function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How do protozoa reproduce?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''By binary fission'''''
 +
*'''''By schizogony'''''
 +
*'''''By sporogony'''''
 +
*'''''By gametogeny'''''
 +
||[[Protozoa#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue'''''
 +
*'''''The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)'''''
 +
*'''''Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)'''''
 +
*'''''Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote'''''
 +
*'''''The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces'''''
 +
*'''''Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious'''''
 +
||[[Protozoa#Example of a Protozoal Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
−
'''[[Giardia Flashcards]]
+
==<font color="purple">Coccidia</font>==
 +
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 +
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 +
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Eimeria'' species?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Direct transmission'''''
 +
*'''''Faecal-oral route'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Eimeria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the transmission and life cycle of ''Isospora'' species?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Usually direct transmission by the faecal-oral route'''''
 +
*'''''Some species use facultative intermediate hosts forming tissue cysts'''''
 +
**'''''Transmission is then by the faecal-oral or route or via ingestion of the intermediate host'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Isospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of poultry ''Eimeria'' species?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''1 week'''''
 +
*'''''Sporulation takes 2-3 days'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Name the malabsorptive ''Eimeria'' species'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''E. maxima'''''
 +
*'''''E. acervulina'''''
 +
*'''''E. mitis'''''
 +
*'''''E. praecox'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Name the haemorrhagic ''Eimeria'' species'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''E. necatrix'''''
 +
*'''''E. brunetti'''''
 +
*'''''E. tenella'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does ''E. acervulina, E. maxima'', E. tenella'' and ''E. necatrix'' affect and what kind of lesions are produced?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''E. acervulina affects the proximal gut forming white ladder lesions'''''
 +
*'''''E. maxima affects the mid-gut producing a pink exudate'''''
 +
*'''''E. tenella affects the ceaca forming a core of dark, haemorrhagic blood'''''
 +
*'''''E. necatrix affects the mid-gut forming salt and pepper leions'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Poultry|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the two main ''Eimeria'' species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''E. zuernii'''''
 +
*'''''E. bovis'''''
 +
*'''''2-3 week prepatent period'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Cattle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the two significant ''Eimeria'' species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''E. ovinoidalis'''''
 +
*'''''E. crandalis'''''
 +
*'''''2 week prepatent period'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Sheep|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the most significant species of ''Isospora'' which affects pigs and what the prepatent period?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''I. suis'''''
 +
*'''''1 week prepatent period'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Pigs|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the ''Eimeria'' species which affects rabbits inhabit?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''2 inhabit the caecum'''''
 +
*'''''1 inhabits the bile duct epithelium (E. steidae)'''''
 +
||[[Coccidia#Coccidia of Rabbits|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
−
'''[[Piroplasmida Flashcards]]
+
==<font color="purple">Cryptosporidia</font>==
 +
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 +
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 +
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the main species of ''Cryptosporidium'' which infects humans and domestic animals?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''C. parvum'''''
 +
||[[Cryptosporidium#Recognition|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''True or False: In ''Cryptosporidium'' infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''False'''''
 +
*'''''Sporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces'''''
 +
||[[Cryptosporidium#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections passed between hosts?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
 +
*'''''Water-bourne infections'''''
 +
*'''''Autoinfection can also occur'''''
 +
||[[Cryptosporidium#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How are ''Cryptosporidium'' infections prevented?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Isolate and quarantine brought in calves'''''
 +
*'''''Good hygiene and adequate disinfection of calf pens'''''
 +
*'''''Goog hygiene of humans working and visiting farms'''''
 +
*'''''Halofuginone and other drug treatments'''''
 +
||[[Cryptosporidium#Control|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
−
'''[[Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidian Flashcards]]
+
==<font color="purple">Giardia</font>==
−
</big>
+
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 +
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 +
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of ''Giardia''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Simple life cycle'''''
 +
*'''''Direct life cycle'''''
 +
*'''''Reproduce by binary fission'''''
 +
*'''''5-6 day prepatent period'''''
 +
||[[Giardia#Life Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How do both people and animals become infected by ''Giardia''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Water bourne transmission'''''
 +
*'''''Direct faecal-oral transmission'''''
 +
||[[Giardia#Epidemiology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How would you diagnose a ''Giardia'' infection?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''The cysts are heavy and do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution'''''
 +
*'''''Cysts excretion is intermittent so faeces need to be collected and sampled over 3 days'''''
 +
*'''''Cyst antigen can be detected in faeces by an immunoassay'''''
 +
||[[Giardia#Diagnosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
−
===Protozoa===
+
==<font color="purple">Piroplasmida</font>==
−
<FlashCard questions="3">
+
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
−
|q1=What are the four different ways protozoa can move?
+
!width="400"|'''Question'''
−
|a1=
+
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
−
*Cilia
+
!width="150"|'''Article'''
−
*Flagellum
+
|-
−
*Pseduopodia
+
|<big>'''True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in ''Babesia'' species'''
−
*Gliding
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|l1=Protozoa_Structure_and_Function
+
*'''''True'''''
−
|q2=How do protozoa reproduce?
+
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|a2=
+
|-
−
*By binary fission
+
|<big>'''What are the recognisable features of small ''Babesia'' species and give an example'''
−
*By schizogony
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*By sporogony
+
*'''''Peripheral nucleus'''''
−
*By gametogeny
+
*'''''Obtuse angle'''''
−
|l2=Protozoa_Life_Cycle
+
*'''''B. divergens'''''
−
|q3=Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa
+
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|a3=
+
|-
−
*The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue
+
|<big>'''What are the recognisable features of large ''Babesia'' species and give an example'''
−
*The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)
+
*'''''Central nucleus'''''
−
*Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote
+
*'''''Acute angle'''''
−
*The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces
+
*'''''B. major'''''
−
*Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious
+
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|l3=Protozoa_Life_Cycle
+
|-
−
</FlashCard>
+
|<big>'''What are the predisposing features to ''Babesia'' infection?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area'''''
 +
*'''''Infected ticks introduced into a clean area'''''
 +
*'''''Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean ticks'''''
 +
*'''''Temporary reduction in the tick population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)'''''
 +
*'''''Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition'''''
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the different vectors for ''Babesia'' species?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens'''''
 +
*'''''Haemaphysalis for B. major'''''
 +
*'''''Boophilus for B. bovis and B. bigemina'''''
 +
*'''''Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus for B. canis'''''
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Babesia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What species are the natural vectors for ''Cytauxzoon''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Ticks''''' 
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Where do schizonts of ''Cytauxzoon felis'' develop?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''In macrophages''''' 
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Cytauxzoon felis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''East Coast Fever''''' 
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the main condition caused by ''Theileria parva'' and what is the intermediate host?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''East Coast Fever''''' 
 +
*'''''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'''''
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the pathogenesis of ''Theileria parva'' infections?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Proliferation in the lymphoblasts''''' 
 +
*'''''Proliferation in the local lymph node followed by spread throughout the body'''''
 +
*'''''Lymphocyte depletion'''''
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Theileria parva'' infection?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Pyrexia''''' 
 +
*'''''Enlarged local lymph node'''''
 +
*'''''Loss of condition'''''
 +
||[[Piroplasmida#Theileria|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
−
===Tropical Protozoa===
+
==<font color="purple">Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia</font>==
−
<FlashCard questions="8">
+
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
−
|q1=What species transmits Leishmania?
+
!width="400"|'''Question'''
−
|a1=
+
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
−
*Sandflies
+
!width="150"|'''Article'''
−
*Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World
+
|-
−
*Lutzomyia spp. in the New World
+
|<big>'''What are the two main species of ''Neospora'' of veterinary interest and which animals do they affect?'''
−
|l1=Leishmania
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|q2=Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of?
+
*'''''N. caninum'''''
−
|a2=Macrophages
+
**'''''Dogs'''''
−
|l2=Leishmania
+
*'''''N. hughesi'''''
−
|q3=What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?
+
**'''''Horses'''''
−
|a3=
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Cutaneous form
+
|-
−
**Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears
+
|<big>'''How long is the prepatent period of ''Neospora''?'''
−
*Visceral form
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
**Eczema
+
*'''''5 days'''''
−
**Fever
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
**Generalised lympadenopathy
+
|-
−
|l3=Leishmania
+
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in dogs?'''
−
|q4=How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections?
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|a4=
+
*'''''Ascending paralysis'''''
−
*Chemotherapy
+
*'''''Sudden collapse due to myocarditis'''''
−
*Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides
+
*'''''Muscle wasting'''''
−
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|l4=Leishmania
+
|-
−
|q5=Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans?
+
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in cattle?'''
−
|a5=
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*Nagana in cattle (wasting disease)
+
*'''''Abortion'''''
−
*Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums
+
*'''''Encephalomyelitis'''''
−
*Sleeping sickness in humans
+
*'''''Paresis'''''
−
|l5=Trypanosoma
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|q6=Fill in the missing words about ''trypanosoma'' infections?
+
|-
−
<p>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? and ??? of ???. This is also known as ??? development. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the ??? of ??? bugs, keds and ???. This is also known as ??? development.</p>
+
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Neospora'' infections in horses?'''
−
|a6=
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*proboscis
+
*'''''Myeloencephalitis'''''
−
*foregut
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Neospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Tsetse flies
+
|-
−
*anterior station
+
|<big>'''How many intermediate and final hosts does ''Sarcocystis'' have?'''
−
*hindgut
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*Triatomid
+
*'''''One final host'''''
−
*tabanids
+
*'''''One intermediate host'''''
−
*posterior station
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|l6=Trypanosoma
+
|-
−
|q7=What are the general clinical signs of ''trypanosoma'' infections?
+
|<big>'''True or False: ''Sarcocystis'' infections are mainly asymptomatic'''
−
|a7=
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*Anaemia
+
*'''''True'''''
−
*Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
+
|-
−
*Loss of body condition
+
|<big>'''What is Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?'''
−
*Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats
+
*'''''Necrotising encephalomyelitis affecting the grey and white matter of the CNS'''''
−
|l7=Trypanosoma
+
*'''''Caused by S. neurona'''''
−
|q8=How are ''trypanosoma'' infections diagnosed?
+
*'''''Causes spinal cord dysfunction leading to ataxia and paralysis'''''
−
|a8=
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Sarcocystis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Giemsa stained smears
+
|-
−
*Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes
+
|<big>'''What is the most pathogenic species of ''Toxoplasma''?'''
−
*Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|l8=Trypanosoma
+
*'''''T. gondii'''''
−
</FlashCard>
+
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''True or False: The life cycle of ''Toxoplasma'' is direct'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''False'''''
 +
*'''''The life cycle is complex'''''
 +
*'''''Described as facultatively heterozygous'''''
 +
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the acute phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Asexual reproduction in the cell by endodyogeny (budding) producing 8-16 tachyzoites
 +
*'''''Tachyzoites are released when host cell bursts'''''
 +
*'''''Haematogenous spread as more cells are infected'''''
 +
*'''''Infection continues until the animal develops immunity (around 2 weeks) at which point the infection enters the chronic phase'''''
 +
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the chronic phase of ''Toxoplasma'' infections'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Slow growing intracellular bradyzoites become walled off forming infective cysts'''''
 +
*'''''Bradyzoites are protected from the host immune response (whereas extracellular tachyzoites are killed)'''''
 +
*'''''Cysts remain viable for months to years in muscle and nervous tissue'''''
 +
*'''''If immunity is suppressed the infection can revert to the acute form'''''
 +
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How can ''Toxoplasma'' infections be prevented?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''ELISA to check for seropositive cats'''''
 +
*'''''Humans can avoid oocyst ingestion'''''
 +
*'''''Humans can avoid tissue cyst ingestion'''''
 +
*'''''Sheep can be vaccinated or given medicated feed'''''
 +
||[[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia#Toxoplasma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
−
===Other Important Protozoa===
+
==<font color="purple">Tropical Protozoa</font>==
−
<FlashCard questions="9">
+
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
−
|q1=What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found?
+
!width="400"|'''Question'''
−
|a1=
+
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
−
*Ciliate protozoan
+
!width="150"|'''Article'''
−
*Commensal organism  
+
|-
−
*Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans
+
|<big>'''What species transmits Leishmania?'''
−
|l1=Balantidium
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|q2=How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections?
+
*'''''Sandflies'''''
−
|a2=
+
*'''''Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World'''''
−
*Faecal smear for oocysts
+
*'''''Lutzomyia spp. in the New World'''''
−
*Zeihl-Neelson stain positive  
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Oocysts autoflouresce
+
|-
−
|l2=Cyclospora
+
|<big>'''Which cells are ''Leishmania'' species intracellular parasites of?'''
−
|q3=How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver?
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|a3=
+
*'''''Macrophages'''''
−
*Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses  
+
|-
−
|l3=Entamoeba
+
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
−
|q4=What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species?
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|a4=
+
*'''''Cutaneous form'''''
−
*Causes Blackhead
+
**'''''Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears'''''
−
*Affects turkeys  
+
*'''''Visceral form'''''
−
*Chickens are asymptomatic carriers
+
**'''''Eczema'''''
−
|l4=Histomonas
+
**'''''Fever'''''
−
|q5=In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried?
+
**'''''Generalised lympadenopathy'''''
−
|a5=Heterakis gallinarum  
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|l5=Histomonas
+
|-
−
|q6=What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections?
+
|<big>'''How can you treat and prevent ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
−
|a6=
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*Ante-mortem
+
*'''''Chemotherapy'''''
−
**Cyanotic head and wattles  
+
*'''''Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides'''''
−
**Yellow droppings
+
*'''''Destruction of infected and stray dogs'''''
−
*Post Mortem
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Leishmania|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
**Necrotic mucosa in caecum
+
|-
−
**1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver
+
|<big>'''Which diseases so ''Trypanosome'' species cause in cattle and in humans?'''
−
|l6=Histomonas
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|q7=What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections?
+
*'''''Nagana in cattle (wasting disease)'''''
−
|a7=
+
*'''''Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums'''''
−
*Head-tilt
+
*'''''Sleeping sickness in humans'''''
−
*Incontinence  
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
*Uveitis
+
|-
−
*Cataracts
+
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
−
*But mostly asymptomatic
+
||<big>Salivarian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the <font color="white">'''''proboscis'''''</font> and <font color="white">'''''foregut'''''</font> of <font color="white">'''''Tsetse flies'''''</font>. This is also known as <font color="white">'''''anterior station development'''''</font>. Stercorian ''trypanosome'' species multiply in the <font color="white">'''''hindgut'''''</font> of <font color="white">'''''Triatomid bugs, keds'''''</font> and <font color="white">'''''tabanids'''''</font>. This is also known as <font color="white">'''''posterior station development'''''</font>.
−
|l7=Microsporidia
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
−
|q8=How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted?
+
|-
−
|a8=Venerally
+
|<big>'''What are the general clinical signs of ''Leishmania'' infections?'''
−
|l8=Tritrichomonas foetus
+
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
|q9=Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle?
+
*'''''Anaemia'''''
−
|a9=
+
*'''''Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen'''''
−
*Uterus of cows
+
*'''''Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs'''''
−
*Preputial cavity of bulls
+
*'''''Loss of body condition'''''
−
|l9=Tritrichomonas foetus
+
*'''''Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses'''''
−
</FlashCard>
+
*'''''Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats'''''
−
[[Category:Protozoa]][[Category:Parasite Flashcards]]
+
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How are ''Leishmania'' infections diagnosed?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Giemsa stained smears'''''
 +
*'''''Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes'''''
 +
*'''''Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface'''''
 +
||[[Tropical Protozoa#Trypanosoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==<font color="purple">Other Important Protozoa</font>==
 +
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 +
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 +
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is ''Balantidium'' and where is it found?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Ciliate protozoan'''''
 +
*'''''Commensal organism'''''
 +
*'''''Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Balantidium|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How would you diagnose ''Cyclospora'' infections?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Faecal smear for oocysts'''''
 +
*'''''Zeihl-Neelson stain positive'''''
 +
*'''''Oocysts autoflouresce'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Cyclospora|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How can ''Entamoeba'' cause abcesses in the liver?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream'''''
 +
*'''''Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Entamoeba|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What disease does ''Histomonas meleagridis'' cause and in which species?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Causes Blackhead'''''
 +
*'''''Affects turkeys'''''
 +
*'''''Chickens are asymptomatic carriers'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''In which caecal nematode worm is ''H. meleagridis'' carried?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Heterakis gallinarum'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''H. meleagridis'' infections?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Ante-mortem'''''
 +
**'''''Cyanotic head and wattles'''''
 +
**'''''Yellow droppings'''''
 +
*'''''Post Mortem'''''
 +
**'''''Necrotic mucosa in caecum'''''
 +
**'''''1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Histomonas meleagridis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of ''Microsporidia'' infections?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Head-tilt'''''
 +
*'''''Incontinence'''''
 +
*'''''Uveitis'''''
 +
*'''''Cataracts'''''
 +
*'''''But mostly asymptomatic'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Microsporidia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' transmitted?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Venerally'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Where is ''Tritrichomonas foetus'' found in cattle?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Uterus of cows'''''
 +
*'''''Preputial cavity of bulls'''''
 +
||[[Other Important Protozoa#Tritrichomonas foetus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}

Revision as of 21:21, 10 January 2009

Infectious agents and parasitesWikiBugs Banner.png
PROTOZOA
WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS


Toxoplasma gondii - Ke Hu and John Murray

Protozoa

Question Answer Article
What are the four different ways protozoa can move?
  • Cilia
  • Flagellum
  • Pseduopodia
  • Gliding
 Link to Answer Article
How do protozoa reproduce?
  • By binary fission
  • By schizogony
  • By sporogony
  • By gametogeny
 Link to Answer Article
Briefly summarise the life cycle of protozoa
  • The infectious sporozoite are released from the oocyst invading epithelial tissue
  • The nucleus of the sporozoites divides forming a schizont which contains merozoites (schizogony)
  • Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites which form micro and macrogamonts in the epithelial tissue (gametogeny)
  • Microgamonts penetrate the macrogamont forming the zygote
  • The zygote forms the oocyst which is passed in the faeces
  • Sporulation occurs which makes the oocyst infectious
 Link to Answer Article

Coccidia

Question Answer Article
What is the transmission and life cycle of Eimeria species?
  • Direct transmission
  • Faecal-oral route
 Link to Answer Article
What is the transmission and life cycle of Isospora species?
  • Usually direct transmission by the faecal-oral route
  • Some species use facultative intermediate hosts forming tissue cysts
    • Transmission is then by the faecal-oral or route or via ingestion of the intermediate host
 Link to Answer Article
How long is the prepatent period of poultry Eimeria species?
  • 1 week
  • Sporulation takes 2-3 days
 Link to Answer Article
Name the malabsorptive Eimeria species
  • E. maxima
  • E. acervulina
  • E. mitis
  • E. praecox
 Link to Answer Article
Name the haemorrhagic Eimeria species
  • E. necatrix
  • E. brunetti
  • E. tenella
 Link to Answer Article
Which area of the gastrointestinal tract does E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella and E. necatrix affect and what kind of lesions are produced?
  • E. acervulina affects the proximal gut forming white ladder lesions
  • E. maxima affects the mid-gut producing a pink exudate
  • E. tenella affects the ceaca forming a core of dark, haemorrhagic blood
  • E. necatrix affects the mid-gut forming salt and pepper leions
 Link to Answer Article
What are the two main Eimeria species which affect cattle and what is the prepatent period?
  • E. zuernii
  • E. bovis
  • 2-3 week prepatent period
 Link to Answer Article
What are the two significant Eimeria species which affect sheep and what is the prepatent period?
  • E. ovinoidalis
  • E. crandalis
  • 2 week prepatent period
 Link to Answer Article
What is the most significant species of Isospora which affects pigs and what the prepatent period?
  • I. suis
  • 1 week prepatent period
 Link to Answer Article
Which parts of the gastrointestinal tract do the Eimeria species which affects rabbits inhabit?
  • 2 inhabit the caecum
  • 1 inhabits the bile duct epithelium (E. steidae)
 Link to Answer Article

Cryptosporidia

Question Answer Article
What is the main species of Cryptosporidium which infects humans and domestic animals?
  • C. parvum
 Link to Answer Article
True or False: In Cryptosporidium infections unsporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces
  • False
  • Sporulated oocysts are passed in the faeces
 Link to Answer Article
How are Cryptosporidium infections passed between hosts?
  • Direct faecal-oral transmission
  • Water-bourne infections
  • Autoinfection can also occur
 Link to Answer Article
How are Cryptosporidium infections prevented?
  • Isolate and quarantine brought in calves
  • Good hygiene and adequate disinfection of calf pens
  • Goog hygiene of humans working and visiting farms
  • Halofuginone and other drug treatments
 Link to Answer Article

Giardia

Question Answer Article
What is the key points of the life cycle and prepatent period of Giardia?
  • Simple life cycle
  • Direct life cycle
  • Reproduce by binary fission
  • 5-6 day prepatent period
 Link to Answer Article
How do both people and animals become infected by Giardia?
  • Water bourne transmission
  • Direct faecal-oral transmission
 Link to Answer Article
How would you diagnose a Giardia infection?
  • The cysts are heavy and do not float well in saturated sodium chloride solution
  • Cysts excretion is intermittent so faeces need to be collected and sampled over 3 days
  • Cyst antigen can be detected in faeces by an immunoassay
 Link to Answer Article

Piroplasmida

Question Answer Article
True or False: Both trans-stadial and trans-ovarian transmission can occur in Babesia species
  • True
 Link to Answer Article
What are the recognisable features of small Babesia species and give an example
  • Peripheral nucleus
  • Obtuse angle
  • B. divergens
 Link to Answer Article
What are the recognisable features of large Babesia species and give an example
  • Central nucleus
  • Acute angle
  • B. major
 Link to Answer Article
What are the predisposing features to Babesia infection?
  • Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area
  • Infected ticks introduced into a clean area
  • Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean ticks
  • Temporary reduction in the tick population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)
  • Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition
 Link to Answer Article
What are the different vectors for Babesia species?
  • Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens
  • Haemaphysalis for B. major
  • Boophilus for B. bovis and B. bigemina
  • Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus for B. canis
 Link to Answer Article
What species are the natural vectors for Cytauxzoon?
  • Ticks
 Link to Answer Article
Where do schizonts of Cytauxzoon felis develop?
  • In macrophages
 Link to Answer Article
What is the main condition caused by Theileria parva?
  • East Coast Fever
 Link to Answer Article
What is the main condition caused by Theileria parva and what is the intermediate host?
  • East Coast Fever
  • Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
 Link to Answer Article
What is the pathogenesis of Theileria parva infections?
  • Proliferation in the lymphoblasts
  • Proliferation in the local lymph node followed by spread throughout the body
  • Lymphocyte depletion
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of Theileria parva infection?
  • Pyrexia
  • Enlarged local lymph node
  • Loss of condition
 Link to Answer Article

Tissue Cyst Forming Coccidia

Question Answer Article
What are the two main species of Neospora of veterinary interest and which animals do they affect?
  • N. caninum
    • Dogs
  • N. hughesi
    • Horses
 Link to Answer Article
How long is the prepatent period of Neospora?
  • 5 days
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of Neospora infections in dogs?
  • Ascending paralysis
  • Sudden collapse due to myocarditis
  • Muscle wasting
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of Neospora infections in cattle?
  • Abortion
  • Encephalomyelitis
  • Paresis
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of Neospora infections in horses?
  • Myeloencephalitis
 Link to Answer Article
How many intermediate and final hosts does Sarcocystis have?
  • One final host
  • One intermediate host
 Link to Answer Article
True or False: Sarcocystis infections are mainly asymptomatic
  • True
 Link to Answer Article
What is Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
  • Necrotising encephalomyelitis affecting the grey and white matter of the CNS
  • Caused by S. neurona
  • Causes spinal cord dysfunction leading to ataxia and paralysis
 Link to Answer Article
What is the most pathogenic species of Toxoplasma?
  • T. gondii
 Link to Answer Article
True or False: The life cycle of Toxoplasma is direct
  • False
  • The life cycle is complex
  • Described as facultatively heterozygous
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the acute phase of Toxoplasma infections
  • Asexual reproduction in the cell by endodyogeny (budding) producing 8-16 tachyzoites
  • Tachyzoites are released when host cell bursts
  • Haematogenous spread as more cells are infected
  • Infection continues until the animal develops immunity (around 2 weeks) at which point the infection enters the chronic phase
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the chronic phase of Toxoplasma infections
  • Slow growing intracellular bradyzoites become walled off forming infective cysts
  • Bradyzoites are protected from the host immune response (whereas extracellular tachyzoites are killed)
  • Cysts remain viable for months to years in muscle and nervous tissue
  • If immunity is suppressed the infection can revert to the acute form
 Link to Answer Article
How can Toxoplasma infections be prevented?
  • ELISA to check for seropositive cats
  • Humans can avoid oocyst ingestion
  • Humans can avoid tissue cyst ingestion
  • Sheep can be vaccinated or given medicated feed
 Link to Answer Article

Tropical Protozoa

Question Answer Article
What species transmits Leishmania?
  • Sandflies
  • Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World
  • Lutzomyia spp. in the New World
 Link to Answer Article
Which cells are Leishmania species intracellular parasites of?
  • Macrophages
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of Leishmania infections?
  • Cutaneous form
    • Ulcers on the lips, eyelids and pinnae of ears
  • Visceral form
    • Eczema
    • Fever
    • Generalised lympadenopathy
 Link to Answer Article
How can you treat and prevent Leishmania infections?
  • Chemotherapy
  • Prevent sandflies biting dogs through collars containing insecticides
  • Destruction of infected and stray dogs
 Link to Answer Article
Which diseases so Trypanosome species cause in cattle and in humans?
  • Nagana in cattle (wasting disease)
  • Chagas disease in humans, armadillos and possums
  • Sleeping sickness in humans
 Link to Answer Article
Fill in the missing words about Leishmania infections? Salivarian trypanosome species multiply in the proboscis and foregut of Tsetse flies. This is also known as anterior station development. Stercorian trypanosome species multiply in the hindgut of Triatomid bugs, keds and tabanids. This is also known as posterior station development. Link to Answer Article
What are the general clinical signs of Leishmania infections?
  • Anaemia
  • Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
  • Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
  • Loss of body condition
  • Oedema of the limbs and genitalia in horses
  • Myocarditis and corneal opacity in dogs and cats
 Link to Answer Article
How are Leishmania infections diagnosed?
  • Giemsa stained smears
  • Fresh blood films looking for motile trypanosomes
  • Haematocrit tubes looking for motile trypanosomes at the buffy coat/plasma interface
 Link to Answer Article

Other Important Protozoa

Question Answer Article
What is Balantidium and where is it found?
  • Ciliate protozoan
  • Commensal organism
  • Found in the lumen of the large intestine of pigs and humans
 Link to Answer Article
How would you diagnose Cyclospora infections?
  • Faecal smear for oocysts
  • Zeihl-Neelson stain positive
  • Oocysts autoflouresce
 Link to Answer Article
How can Entamoeba cause abcesses in the liver?
  • Erosion of the large intestine may allow the parasite to enter the bloodstream
  • Once in the bloodstream the parasite can reach the liver and cause ascesses
 Link to Answer Article
What disease does Histomonas meleagridis cause and in which species?
  • Causes Blackhead
  • Affects turkeys
  • Chickens are asymptomatic carriers
 Link to Answer Article
In which caecal nematode worm is H. meleagridis carried?
  • Heterakis gallinarum
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of H. meleagridis infections?
  • Ante-mortem
    • Cyanotic head and wattles
    • Yellow droppings
  • Post Mortem
    • Necrotic mucosa in caecum
    • 1cm diameter circular lesions in the liver
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of Microsporidia infections?
  • Head-tilt
  • Incontinence
  • Uveitis
  • Cataracts
  • But mostly asymptomatic
 Link to Answer Article
How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted?
  • Venerally
 Link to Answer Article
Where is Tritrichomonas foetus found in cattle?
  • Uterus of cows
  • Preputial cavity of bulls
 Link to Answer Article
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