Difference between revisions of "Haemophilus species"

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===Overview===
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*Inhabit mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory and lower genital tract
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*Suppurative infections due to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from macrophages
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*Serofibrinous to fibrinopurative infections of lungs, body cavities and joints
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*Colonisation of meningeal vessels causes a thrombotic vasculitis leading to encephalitis and meningitis
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===''Haemophilus'' characteristics===
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*Morphologically variable Gram-negative bacilli, ranging from short rods to long filaments
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*Facultative anaerobes
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*Typically oxidase positive
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*Depend on beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (V factor) and/or Haemin (X fector) for growth
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*Heated blood agar (Chocolate Agar) required for growth of NAD-dependent strains
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*Haemin-dependent strains grow on Blood Agar
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*Do not grow on MacConkey agar
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===''Haemophilus parasuis''===
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*Inhabits nasopharynx of normal swine
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*Serotype B causes Glasser's disease in pigs
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*Glasser's disease
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**Septicaemia
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**Acute inflammation affecting pleua, peritoneum, mediastinum, pericardium, joints and meninges
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**Causes a polyserositis - pericarditis, [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Peritonitis|peritonitis]], pleurisy and meningitis - in pigs 3-10 weeks old
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**Also causes suppurative [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glasser's disease|bronchopneumonia, pleuritis]],  [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|polyarthritis]] (also ''H. suis)
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**Expressed lesions vary between animals - meningitis is most consistent, arthritis in 20% of cases
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**Fever, general malaise, repsiratory and abdominal signs, lameness, paralysis or convulsions
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**Sporadic outbreaks in the UK
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**Morbidity and mortality often low due to widespread acquired resistance
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**Mortality up to 50% in some outbreaks e.g. specific pathogen-free herds
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**Can be fatal in 2-5 days
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**Chronic arthritis, meningitis and intestinal obstruction due to adhesions in some surviving pigs
 +
**Due to transport, environmental stresses, dietary and managemental factors
 +
*Fibrinous pneumonia secondary to enzootic pneumonia or virus infection e.g. swine influenza
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===''Haemophilus somnus''===
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*Cattle
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**''Haemophilus sommus'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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**Septicaemia
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**Causes infectious thromboencephalitis, bronchopneumonia and sporadic reproductive tract infections in cattle 1-3 years old
 +
**Found in the USA and Europe, including UK
 +
**Causes a meningoencephalitis with fibrinous arterial thrombosis and necrosis
 +
**Causes fever, staggering and dyspnoea, progressing to somnolence, paralysis and death
 +
**Mortality can be high
 +
*Sheep
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**Epididymitis in young rams
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**Vulvitis, mastitis and reduced reproductive performance in ewes
 +
**Septicaemia, arthritis, meningitis and pneumonia in lambs
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===''Haemophilus pleuropneumonia''===
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*''H. pleuropneumonia'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
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===''Haemophilus paragalinarum''===
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*Infectious coryza of poultry - accute upper-respiratory tract infection
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*Nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, facial oedema and conjunctivitis
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*Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis
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===''Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus''===
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*Commensal of canine lower genital tract
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*Causes cystitis and neonatal infections
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===''Haemophilus felis''===
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*Associated with feline conjunctivitis
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===''Haemophilus influenzae''===
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*Human meningitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, and otitis

Revision as of 13:41, 19 January 2010

 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.


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BACTERIA



Overview

  • Inhabit mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory and lower genital tract
  • Suppurative infections due to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from macrophages
  • Serofibrinous to fibrinopurative infections of lungs, body cavities and joints
  • Colonisation of meningeal vessels causes a thrombotic vasculitis leading to encephalitis and meningitis


Haemophilus characteristics

  • Morphologically variable Gram-negative bacilli, ranging from short rods to long filaments
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Typically oxidase positive
  • Depend on beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (V factor) and/or Haemin (X fector) for growth
  • Heated blood agar (Chocolate Agar) required for growth of NAD-dependent strains
  • Haemin-dependent strains grow on Blood Agar
  • Do not grow on MacConkey agar


Haemophilus parasuis

  • Inhabits nasopharynx of normal swine
  • Serotype B causes Glasser's disease in pigs
  • Glasser's disease
    • Septicaemia
    • Acute inflammation affecting pleua, peritoneum, mediastinum, pericardium, joints and meninges
    • Causes a polyserositis - pericarditis, peritonitis, pleurisy and meningitis - in pigs 3-10 weeks old
    • Also causes suppurative bronchopneumonia, pleuritis, polyarthritis (also H. suis)
    • Expressed lesions vary between animals - meningitis is most consistent, arthritis in 20% of cases
    • Fever, general malaise, repsiratory and abdominal signs, lameness, paralysis or convulsions
    • Sporadic outbreaks in the UK
    • Morbidity and mortality often low due to widespread acquired resistance
    • Mortality up to 50% in some outbreaks e.g. specific pathogen-free herds
    • Can be fatal in 2-5 days
    • Chronic arthritis, meningitis and intestinal obstruction due to adhesions in some surviving pigs
    • Due to transport, environmental stresses, dietary and managemental factors
  • Fibrinous pneumonia secondary to enzootic pneumonia or virus infection e.g. swine influenza


Haemophilus somnus

  • Cattle
    • Haemophilus sommus in Enzootic pneumonia of calves
    • Septicaemia
    • Causes infectious thromboencephalitis, bronchopneumonia and sporadic reproductive tract infections in cattle 1-3 years old
    • Found in the USA and Europe, including UK
    • Causes a meningoencephalitis with fibrinous arterial thrombosis and necrosis
    • Causes fever, staggering and dyspnoea, progressing to somnolence, paralysis and death
    • Mortality can be high
  • Sheep
    • Epididymitis in young rams
    • Vulvitis, mastitis and reduced reproductive performance in ewes
    • Septicaemia, arthritis, meningitis and pneumonia in lambs


Haemophilus pleuropneumonia

Haemophilus paragalinarum

  • Infectious coryza of poultry - accute upper-respiratory tract infection
  • Nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, facial oedema and conjunctivitis
  • Resistant to complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis


Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus

  • Commensal of canine lower genital tract
  • Causes cystitis and neonatal infections


Haemophilus felis

  • Associated with feline conjunctivitis


Haemophilus influenzae

  • Human meningitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, and otitis
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