Difference between revisions of "Taylorella equigenitalis"
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| − | == | + | ===Overview=== |
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| − | + | *Causes contagious equine metritis | |
| + | *Found in genital tracts of stallions, mares and foals | ||
| + | *Found in urethral fossa of stallions and clitoral fossa of mares | ||
| + | *Disrupts breeding programs on thouroughbred stud farms | ||
| + | *UK free from contagious equine metritis | ||
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| − | == | + | ===Characteristics=== |
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| − | + | *Short, non-motile Gram-negative rod | |
| − | + | *Catalase, oxidase and phosphatase postitive | |
| + | *Microaerophilic | ||
| + | *Grows slowly | ||
| + | *Fastidious growth - requires chocolate agar and 5-10% carbon dioxide for growth | ||
| + | *No growth on MacConkey | ||
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| − | + | ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity=== | |
| − | + | *Transmission during coitus or via contaminated instruments | |
| + | *Semenal fluid contaminated with ''T. equigenitalis'' from the urethral fossa | ||
| + | *Deposition in uterus required for infection to establish | ||
| + | *Bacteria replicate in uterus and cause acute endometritis | ||
| + | *Initial influx of mononuclear cells and plasma cells, followed by [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], which cause a mucopurulent discharge | ||
| + | *Acute endometrial changes only last a few days | ||
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| − | == | + | ===Clinical infections=== |
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| − | + | *Contagious equine metritis | |
| + | *Highly contagious venereal disease of thorougbred horses | ||
| + | *Infected stallions and mares are a reservoir of infection | ||
| + | *Stallions and some mares asymptomatic | ||
| + | *Mucopurulent vulval discharge and temporary infertility in mares after service with a carrier stallion | ||
| + | *Inflammation of uterus hinders implanation | ||
| + | *Discharge may continue for 2 weeks, and mares may remain infertile for several weeks | ||
| + | *Mares may recover without treatment; 25% become carriers | ||
| + | *Re-infection can occur | ||
| + | *Foals become infected ''in utero'' or during parturition | ||
| + | *Infected foals and mares that recover clinically may be a source of infection | ||
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| − | + | ===Diagnosis=== | |
| − | + | *Specimens for bacteriology: | |
| − | : | + | **Mares: swabs from clitoral fossa and sinuses and endometrium during oestrus |
| − | : | + | **Fillies: swabs from clitoral fossa |
| − | : | + | **Colts: penile sheath and tip of penis |
| − | : | + | **Stallions: swabs from urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid |
| − | + | *Place swabs in charcoal transport medium | |
| − | + | *Isolation on chocolate agar with amphotericin B, crystal violet and streptomycin | |
| − | + | *Small, smooth, yello-grey colonies | |
| − | + | *Slide agglutination test | |
| − | + | *Fluorescent antibody test | |
| − | + | *Latex agglutination | |
| − | + | *PCR | |
| − | + | *Serology only detects active infection | |
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| − | + | ===Treatment and control=== | |
| − | [[Category:Bacteria miscellaneous]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]][[Category: | + | *Wash external genitalia of mares and stallions with 2% chlorhexidine combined with antimicrobials |
| − | + | *Lavage uterus with a penicillin-containing solution daily for 5-7 days in mares | |
| − | + | *Ablation of clitoral sinuses in persistently-infected mares | |
| + | *Notifiable disease | ||
| + | *Laboratory detection of carrier animals and clinical infections | ||
| + | *Hygiene | ||
| + | *Stop breeding if CEM diagnosed on stud farm | ||
| + | *Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease | ||
| + | *Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection | ||
| + | [[Category:Bacteria miscellaneous]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]][[Category:Horse]] | ||
Revision as of 12:29, 12 June 2010
 |
This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |
Overview
- Causes contagious equine metritis
- Found in genital tracts of stallions, mares and foals
- Found in urethral fossa of stallions and clitoral fossa of mares
- Disrupts breeding programs on thouroughbred stud farms
- UK free from contagious equine metritis
Characteristics
- Short, non-motile Gram-negative rod
- Catalase, oxidase and phosphatase postitive
- Microaerophilic
- Grows slowly
- Fastidious growth - requires chocolate agar and 5-10% carbon dioxide for growth
- No growth on MacConkey
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
- Transmission during coitus or via contaminated instruments
- Semenal fluid contaminated with T. equigenitalis from the urethral fossa
- Deposition in uterus required for infection to establish
- Bacteria replicate in uterus and cause acute endometritis
- Initial influx of mononuclear cells and plasma cells, followed by neutrophils, which cause a mucopurulent discharge
- Acute endometrial changes only last a few days
Clinical infections
- Contagious equine metritis
- Highly contagious venereal disease of thorougbred horses
- Infected stallions and mares are a reservoir of infection
- Stallions and some mares asymptomatic
- Mucopurulent vulval discharge and temporary infertility in mares after service with a carrier stallion
- Inflammation of uterus hinders implanation
- Discharge may continue for 2 weeks, and mares may remain infertile for several weeks
- Mares may recover without treatment; 25% become carriers
- Re-infection can occur
- Foals become infected in utero or during parturition
- Infected foals and mares that recover clinically may be a source of infection
Diagnosis
- Specimens for bacteriology:
- Mares: swabs from clitoral fossa and sinuses and endometrium during oestrus
- Fillies: swabs from clitoral fossa
- Colts: penile sheath and tip of penis
- Stallions: swabs from urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid
- Place swabs in charcoal transport medium
- Isolation on chocolate agar with amphotericin B, crystal violet and streptomycin
- Small, smooth, yello-grey colonies
- Slide agglutination test
- Fluorescent antibody test
- Latex agglutination
- PCR
- Serology only detects active infection
Treatment and control
- Wash external genitalia of mares and stallions with 2% chlorhexidine combined with antimicrobials
- Lavage uterus with a penicillin-containing solution daily for 5-7 days in mares
- Ablation of clitoral sinuses in persistently-infected mares
- Notifiable disease
- Laboratory detection of carrier animals and clinical infections
- Hygiene
- Stop breeding if CEM diagnosed on stud farm
- Sample recovered animals to ensure free from disease
- Test-mating of stallions to 2 maiden mares to detect infection