Difference between revisions of "Hepatic Lipidosis"

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{{review}}
  
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Also known as: '''''Lipid Mobilisation Syndrome '''''
+
{{cat}}
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{{dog}}
  
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== Introduction ==
 
  
−
Hepatic lipidosis describes a syndrome caused by derangements in lipid and protein metabolism. It occurs in cats, dogs and chelonia but produces a more important clinical syndrome in cats. Similar phenomena occur in [[Hyperlipaemia - Horse|horses]], [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|donkeys]], [[Fatty Liver Syndrome|cattle]] and [[Pregnancy Toxaemia|sheep]] when they are exposed to periods of metabolic stress. Hepatic lipidosis may be '''primary''' (or idiopathic) or it may be '''secondary''' to another disease.  
+
==Signalment==
 +
*Indoor cats are more prone to primary hepatic lipidosis.
 +
*Middle-aged cats are more prone.
  
−
=== Primary Lipidosis ===
 
  
−
'''Primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis''' is most commonly recognised in '''obese indoor cats''' following a period of anorexia or stress. It is the most common hepatic disease of cats in North America but it is becoming more common in Europe. It occurs due to the accumulation of large amounts of lipid in hepatocytes, altering the morphology of the cells and producing an acute hepatopathy. The mortality rate of this disease is high unless it is treated aggressively.  
+
==Description==
 +
Hepatic lipidosis is the derangement of lipid and protein metabolism, which occurs in cats and dogs, but more clinically significant in cats. It is important to differentiate primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis from secondary hepatic lipidosis.
  
−
The lipid that accumulates within hepatocytes is composed of triglyceride which is synthesised from circulating fatty acids in the liver. Circulating fatty acid concentrations are regulated by a number of hormonal factors that act on the enzymes hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). HSL is responsible for releasing fatty acids from adipose tissue and its action is stimulated by catecholamines, [[glucagon]], corticosteroids and [[Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Thyroid Hormone Physiology|thyroid hormones]] but inhibited by [[insulin]]. LPL degrades circulating lipoprotein complexes allowing fatty acids to be taken back up into adipose stores. The liver and other tissues usually oxidise fatty acids via the Krebs cycle within mitochondria but this pathway is downregulated in animals that receive excessive dietary calories. Additionally, hepatocytes are able to package fatty acids into very low lipoprotein complexes (VLDLs) that are released back into the circulation. If the apolipoproteins that partly constitute the VLDLs are deficient, fatty acids may not be dispatched from the liver. The accumulation of triglycerides in the liver reflects an imbalance between the processes that cause lipid mobilisation, those that lead to fatty acid oxidation and dispatch and those that encourage storage in adipose tissue. One or more mechanisms may be involved and these include increased activation of HSL by '''catecholamines''' released in response to stress, failure to produce sufficient '''insulin''' (in [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]]) results in uncontrolled HSL activity and excessive lipid mobilisation induced by '''anorexia''', '''starvation''' or '''illness''', partly under the influence of glucagon on HSL. '''Deficiency of dietary proteins''' and other nutrients, which reduces the capacity of the liver to produce lipid transport (apolipo-)proteins and to metabolise fat. Recognised micronutrient deficiencies include '''arginine''', '''carnitine''', '''taurine''' and '''methionine'''. Carnitine has a vital role in carrying fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane and also disturbances in the neural and hormonal mechanisms that control '''appetite''' and satiety resulting in inappropriate anorexia, are other factors.  
+
'''Primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis''' is most recognised in obese indoor cats following anorexia. It is the most common hepatic disease in North America but it is also becoming more common in Europe. It is an acute hepatopathy with a large accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes, causing the liver to lose its function. The mortality rate is high unless the disease is treated aggressively. The pathogenesis includes a number of factors:
 +
*excessive lipid mobilisation which is induced by anorexia, illness or stress.
 +
*deficiency of dietary proteins and other nutrients, which reduces the liver's capacity to produce transport proteins and to metabolise fat. Recognised nutrient deficiencies include arginine, carnitine, taurine and methionine.
 +
*disturbances in the neurohormonal control of appetite resulting in inappropriate anorexia.
  
−
=== Secondary Lipidosis ===
+
'''Secondary hepatic lipidosis''' is a neuroendocrine response in dogs and cats to other diseases for example, [[Pancreatitis - Dog and Cat|pacreatitis]], diabetes mellitus, [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|inflammatory bowel disease]] and primary hyperlipidaemia.  Secondary hepatic lipidosis is therefore less closely correlated with obesity and be seen in normal or even thin cats.
  
−
'''Secondary hepatic lipidosis''' is a neuroendocrine response to other diseases, including [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]], [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|inflammatory bowel disease]] and primary hypertriglyceridaemia. Secondary hepatic lipidosis is therefore less closely associated with obesity and it may be seen in normal or even thin cats. In dogs, this secondary lipid accumulation rarely contributes to the clinical syndrome but in cats, it may greatly exacerbate the disease suffered by the affected animal. ''Secondary lipidosis is much more common than primary in cats in the UK. ''
 
  
−
== Signalment ==
+
==Diagnosis==
 +
===Clinical Signs===
 +
*Often obese cats following a sudden starvation
 +
*Anorexia and lethargy
 +
*[[Icterus|Jaundice]]
 +
*[[Hepatic Encephalopathy #Clinical Signs|Hepatic Encephalopathy]]
 +
*[[Diarrhoea|Diarrhoea]] (sometimes)
 +
*Palpable hepatomegaly (sometimes)
 +
*Coagulopathies (sometimes)
  
−
Indoor and obese cats are more prone to the development of primary hepatic lipidosis during periods of stress or anorexia. Most cases occur in middle-aged cats with no apparent breed predisposition.
+
===Laboratory Tests===
 +
====Biochemistry====
 +
*Markedly increased level in alanine
 +
*Low gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration
  
−
The development of hepatic lipidosis in chelonia is most commonly a consequence of feeding a high fat diet such as commercial pet food, so there are no age, breed or sex predispositions.  
+
[[Image:Hepatic lipidosis histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hepatic Lipidosis Histology - Copyright Karin Allenspach's lecture RVC]]
  
−
== Clinical Signs ==
+
===Diagnostic Imaging===
−
[[Image:Jaundiced cat.jpg|thumb|Image of a jaundiced cat that was suffering from hepatic lipidosis.  Note the icteric pinnae.<br><small>Copyright Sabar 2007 Wikimedia Commons</small>]]
+
====Radiography====
−
Clinical signs may appear to be non-specific at first. These include severe persistent '''anorexia''' with lethargy. Cats may lose weight and have an unkempt appearance.[[Icterus|'''Jaundice''']] may or may not occur. It is a form of intra-hepatic icterus as the swollen hepatocytes partially obstruct the flow of bile in the canaliculi. [[Hepatic Encephalopathy|'''Hepatic encephalopathy''']] may manifest mainly as depression and hypersalivation. [[Diarrhoea|'''Diarrhoea''']] and [[Vomiting|'''vomiting''']] do not occur with all cases of hepatic lipidosis. '''Palpable hepatomegaly''' may be appreciable as the liver enlarges with the storage of lipid in hepatocytes. '''Coagulopathies''' sometimes occur in affected animals and may manifest as spontaneous subcutaneous, intra-articular or intra-cavitatory haemorrhage. The syndrome develops due to reduced absorption of vitamin K or failure to reclaim vitamin K in the liver due to diffuse hepatic disease.  
+
Abdominal radiography shows a marked hepatomegaly.
  
−
== Diagnosis ==
+
====Ultrasonography====
 +
On ultrasound, an enlarged and diffusely hyperechoeic liver is seen.
  
−
=== Laboratory Tests ===
 
  
−
==== Haematology ====
+
==Histopathology==
 +
Fine needle aspirate of the liver is normally sufficient for a diagnosis.  Cytology demonstrates hepatocytes swollen with lipid.
 +
Biopsy and culture of the liver tissue is always indicated to determine the underlying cause of the disease.
  
−
Affected animals may have red blood cells of varying morphology ('''poikilocytosis''') and this may be related to alterations in erythrocyte membrane lipid content. Cats with hepatic lipidosis are also prone to the development of Heinz body '''anaemia''' and haemolysis due to hypophosphataemia.
 
  
−
==== Biochemistry ====
+
==Treatment==
 +
*Intensive treatment of cats is required for best outcome
  
−
Cholestatic enzymes are usually elevated due to intra-hepatic cholestasis but the exact pattern observed varies between species. In cats, an elevated concentration of '''ALP''' is more sensitive for the detection of hepatic lipidosis and this enzyme is often greatly elevated while the level of GGT remains normal. In dogs, an elevated serum concentration of '''GGT''' is more sensitive than ALP for the detection of hepatic lipidosis.  
+
===Nutritional support===
 +
*For a period of 4 - 6 weeks.
 +
*This is the most important treatment in hepatic lipidosis.  It is vital to ensure that the diet is of adequate calorific content with an increase in protein content.  Specific nutrients such as arginine, taurine, or carnitine may also be added.
 +
*This can be done via different feeding systems such as naso-oesophageal tube, oesophagostomy tube, gastrostomy tube.
  
−
[[Bilirubin|'''Hyperbilirubinaemia''']] often occurs and this may be clinically evident as [[Icterus|icterus]].  
+
===[[Hepatic Encephalopathy #Medical Management|Hepatic Encephalopathy]]===
 +
*Treat this if presented.
  
−
Animals that have been inappetant for some time or which have vomited recently are likely to be '''hypokalaemic''' and it is important that this deficiency is treated for the patient to regain voluntary intake of food. Animals with hepatic lipidosis often become '''hypophosphataemic''' but this may only occur with refeeding as the blood concentrations of glucose and insulin rise, driving phosphate intracellularly. A similar phenomenon occur when animals with [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetic ketoacidosis]] are first treated with insulin.
+
===Gastrointestinal drugs===
 +
*Anti-emetics and porkinetics such as [[Gastroprotective Drugs #Histamine (H2) Receptor Antagonists|ranitidine]] and [[Drugs Acting on the Intestines#Drugs Acting on 5-HT4 Receptors|metoclopromide]] if vomiting for delayed gastric emptying is present
  
−
==== Other Tests ====
+
===Fluid therapy===
 +
*Intravenous fluid therapy in early stages of disease.
 +
*Blood glucose and electrolytes especially potasium and phosphate should be monitored.
  
−
Where this is available, proteins produced in the absence of vitamin K (PIVKAs) and '''clotting times''' may be measured to determine whether the animal has a coagulopathy.  
+
===Coagulopathy===
 +
*Vitamin K supplement may be required if coagulopathy is significant.
  
−
Urinalysis may reveal '''bilirubinuria''' as the serum bilirubin concentration is increased as in any cholestatic disease.
 
  
−
Cats with hepatic lipidosis often become deficient of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), especially if they also suffer from [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|inflammatory bowel disease]] or [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]].  
+
==Prognosis==
 +
This is dependent on the underlying cause.  If treated appropriately, 85% of severely affected animals will recover.
  
−
=== Diagnostic Imaging ===
 
  
−
==== Radiography ====
+
==References==
 +
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
 +
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
 +
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 +
*Tilley, L. P. & Smith, F. W. K. (2007)  '''Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Canine & Feline (Fourth Edition)''' ''Blackwell Publishing''
  
−
'''Plain radiographs of the abdomen''' usually show only marked hepatomegaly with a right shift of the gastric axis when viewed on a right lateral film. The borders of the liver lobes will be rounded and extensive intra-abdominal fat reserves may be evident in obese cats giving excellent serosal detail.
+
=From Pathology=
  
−
==== Ultrasonography ====
 
−
[[Image:Sono Hepatische Lipidose Katze 0.jpg|thumb|Ultrasonographic image of a feline liver affected by hepatic lipidosis.  The liver has a similar echogenicity to the surrounding fat.<br /><small>Copyright Kalumet 2009 Wikimedia Commons</small>]] An abdominal ultrasound scan will reveal an enlarged and '''diffusely hyperechoeic''' liver. The underlying cause of the liver disease may also be apparent.
 
  
−
=== Pathology ===
+
==Hepatic lipidosis - fatty liver syndrome==
−
[[Image:Hepatic lipidosis histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Histological image of a section of liver with lipidosis.  Note the many vacuoles that push the hepatocyte nuclei aside.<br /><small>Copyright Karin Allenspach 2008 RVC</small>]]
+
*also known as lipid mobilisation syndrome
−
Grossly, the liver will appear to be enlarged with rounded edges. The tissue may be white/yellow in colour and the cut surface will be uniform and greasy to handle.
+
*any persistent abnormal accumulation of fat within [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cells
 +
*associated with
 +
**dietary factors: obesity and starvation
 +
**increased demand for energy: pregnancy, lactation, and starvation in physiological states
 +
**''[[DM|Diabetes mellitus]]'', ketosis, and pregnancy toxaemia in pathological conditions
 +
**abnormal hepatocytic function: prevents fatty acids from forming complexes with proteins to form low density lipoproteins for secretion into the blood
 +
*enlarged [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] with round edges
 +
*lightish yellow in colour
 +
*cut surface is uniform and greasy to handle
  
−
Histopathology:
+
The following are several important specific diseases in which fatty change is the main finding:
  
−
Fine needle aspiration of the liver (preferably under ultrasound guidance) is often sufficient to make a diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis. Cytological examination of the sample reveals that the hepatocytes are swollen with lipid ([[Hydropic Degeneration|cytoplasmic vacuoles]]) which pushes the nuclei aside. Where possible, biopsy of liver tissue and aspiration of bile are indicated to determine the underlying cause of the disease.
 
  
−
== Treatment ==
+
===associated with obesity===
−
[[Image:FelineHepaticLipidosisEsophagealFeedingTube.jpg|thumb|Image of a cat receving nutritional support via an oesophagostomy tube<br /><small>Released into the Public Domain</small>]]
+
Overfeeding will lead to the accumulation of fat in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]  
−
Intensive treatment of cats is required as the disease has a high mortality if not managed aggressively. Owners should be warned that long-term nutritional support will be required to achieve a successful outcome. In cases of secondary lipidosis, the underlying cause of disease should be treated.
 
  
−
Nutritional Support is generally required for a period of 4 - 6 weeks but longer durations may be necessary if the animal fails to eat voluntarily. The two major considerations are the route of feeding and the composition of the diet that is fed.
+
This is a normal physiological function but if a sudden check in dietary intake is imposed it may tip such an animal into serious ill health
 +
====Bovine====
 +
*fat cow syndrome (extreme form of fatty liver)
 +
*occurs in well-fed dairy cows a few days postpartum
 +
*an excessive accumulation of liver fat without being able to export it from the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] (during late dry period and early lactation)
 +
*amount of fat deposited influenced by:
 +
**Body Condition Score (how fat the cow is)
 +
**Milk Yield (energy requirement)
 +
**Appetite (low in fat cows)
 +
*triggered by various conditions:
 +
**abomasal displacement
 +
**mastitis
 +
**metritis
 +
**retained [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
 +
*can be fatal due to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure (up to 25% has been reported)
  
−
==== Route of Feeding ====
+
=====Clinical=====
 +
*cow is sick
 +
*poor appetite
 +
*excessive weight loss
 +
*downer
 +
*high incidence of post parturient disease
  
−
Naso-oesophageal feeding tubes may be used temporarily to stabilise affected animals but this type of tube is likely to discourage voluntary feeding and it may traumatise the oesophagus. Oesophagostomy tube or gastrostomy tubes are better suited to long-term management of patients with hepatic lipidosis and both may be placed during a short general anaesthetic. Gastrostomy tubes may be placed under endoscopic guidance and these represent the best option if the animal has evidence of [[Oesophagitis|oesophagitis]] or chronic [[Vomiting|vomiting]].
+
=====Gross=====
 +
*fat infiltration of [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]  
 +
*enlarged
 +
*rounded edges
 +
*pale yellow colour
 +
*friable
  
−
==== Composition of the Diet ====
+
NB: will also get fat infiltration of [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] in cows which have not been eating for several days so interpret carefully
  
−
The fat content of the diet should be restricted to limit post-prandial hypertriglyceridaemia and the carbohydrate content should be limited as high concentrations will reduce the oxidation of fatty acids. In cats, a diet of the '''highest possible protein content''' is indicated unless the animal is showing signs of hepatic encephalopathy. Even in this situation, it is preferable to attempt to manage the signs of encephalopathy medically while continuing to feed a diet with a moderate protein content.
+
=====Prevention=====
 +
*dry off cows at correct BCS (up to 3.5)
 +
*do not adjust BCS during dry period
 +
*do not starve fat dry cows
 +
*maintain appetite over late dry and calving period to prevent excessive weight loss and fat mobilisation
 +
*use transistion diet
  
−
Specific nutrients such as arginine, taurine, or carnitine may also be added and there is some evidence to suggest that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in cats with hepatic lipidosis. B vitamins, particularly B12 in cats, should be supplemented if they are thought to be deficient. Antioxidants (including s-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) and vitamin E can be added to the diet to limit oxidative Heinz body anaemia that occurs with hepatic lipidosis and to limit inflammatory liver pathology.
+
====Feline====
 +
*feline fatty [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] syndrome
 +
*fairly similar and associated solely with obesity
 +
*diagnosis on cytology/histopathology
 +
*Survival rate is only 50-60%
 +
*Pathophysiology:
 +
**Incompletely understood
 +
**Obese cats that lose 30-40% of body weight exhibit a similar syndrome to naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis
 +
**But many causative factors for naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis:
 +
***Peripheral lipolysis secondary to absolute or relative lack of insulin
 +
***Protein-calories malnutrition
 +
***Amino acid deficiencies – inability to synthesize apolipoproteins necessary to mobilize hepatic fat
 +
***Deficiency of lipotrophic compounds
 +
***Error of fatty acid oxidation
 +
***Hepatic perioxosomal damage due to oxidative stress
 +
*Cats with hepatic lipidosis have higher nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) compared to controls and those with cholangiohepatitis
 +
**NEFAs are derived from lipolysis of fat stores and enter the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
 +
**They are oxidized in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] for energy or converted to phospholipids or cholesterol or reesterified to triglycerides
 +
**Limited increase in lipoprotein synthesis and secretion of triglycerides in VLDLs
 +
**Capacity for increase in oxidation by mitochondria and ketone body synthesis is low
 +
**Rate of fatty acid esterification to triglycerides is not limited so can lead to a marked increase in the accumulation of stored hepatic triglycerides
 +
*Also all triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes in these cats comes from mobilized peripheral adipose stores during nutritional stress
 +
**high levels of triglyceride concentrations in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] will cause:
 +
***severe periacinar necrosis
 +
***jaundice
 +
***hepatic encephalopathy
 +
***high mortality rate
 +
*Lipolysis – under control of hormone-sensitive lipase  hydrolyses triglycerides to NEFAs and glycerol
 +
**Insulin – inhibits it
 +
*Catecholamines (eg: released in stress, etc – neural input), glucocorticoids, thyroxine, GH and glucagons all promote lipolysis
 +
*Lower insulin levels in cats with hepatic lipidosis or cholangiohepatitis compared to controls; and lower glucogon:insulin ratio in diseased cats
 +
**But as not lipidosis specific, not likely to be the main factor involved
 +
*Higher serum triglycerides in lipidotic cats compared to controls
  
−
=== [[Hepatic Encephalopathy#Medical_Management|Hepatic Encephalopathy]] ===
+
[[Hyperlipidaemia - Equine ]]
  
−
This syndrome should be treated specifically if it occurs.
+
[[Ovine White Liver Disease]]
−
 
 
−
=== Gastro-intestinal Drugs ===
 
−
 
 
−
Episodes of vomiting may cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances and it is therefore important that this is prevented. '''Maropitant''' (an NK1 receptor antagonist) is often used as an anti-emetic as it has both central and peripheral actions and this is often combined with [[Gastroprotective Drugs#Histamine_.28H2.29_Receptor_Antagonists|'''ranitidine''']] which acts as a gastric acid secretory inhibitor and a prokinetic (by preventing the degradation of intestinal acetylcholine). Ranitidine or [[Drugs Acting on the Intestines#Drugs_Acting_on_5-HT4_Receptors|'''metoclopromide''']] may also be appropriate if the vomiting is thought to result from delayed gastric emptying or intestinal ileus.
 
−
 
 
−
=== Fluid Therapy ===
 
−
 
 
−
Intravenous fluid therapy is often warranted in the early stages of disease when the patient is likely to be dehydrated and to have marked electrolyte imbalances. Blood glucose concentration should be monitored but supplementation with dextrose solutions should be sparing as this is likely to inhibit fatty acid oxidation. Of the electrolytes, potassium and chloride are most likely to be deficient at presentation and potassium should be supplemented if its concentration can be measured regularly. As feeding is introduced, hypophosphataemia may occur as part of a '''refeeding syndrome''' and this should be supplemented as necessary.
 
−
 
 
−
=== Coagulopathy ===
 
−
 
 
−
Supplementation with '''vitamin K''' may be required by subcutaneous injection if the coagulopathy is significant.
 
−
 
 
−
== Prognosis ==
 
−
 
 
−
This is dependent on the underlying cause and the way in which the patient is managed. If treated appropriately, 85% of severely affected animals will recover. In cats this percentage is only around 50%.
 
−
 
 
−
==Links==
 
−
<big>See also:
 
−
:'''Hyperlipaemia''' in [[Hyperlipaemia - Horse|'''horses''']] and [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|'''donkeys''']]
 
−
:'''[[Fatty Liver Syndrome]]''' in '''cattle'''
 
−
:'''[[White Liver Disease - Sheep|White liver disease]]''' and '''[[Pregnancy Toxaemia|pregnancy toxaemia]]''' in '''sheep'''
 
−
</big>
 
−
 
 
−
{{Learning
 
−
|flashcards = [[Liver Flashcards - Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
 
−
[[Cytology Q&A 06]]
 
−
 
 
−
[[Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders Q&A 09]]
 
−
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis01105.asp Hepatic lipidosis]
 
−
}}
 
−
 
 
−
== References ==
 
−
 
 
−
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
 
−
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
 
−
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 
−
*Tilley, L. P. &amp; Smith, F. W. K. (2007) '''Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Canine & Feline (Fourth Edition)''' ''Blackwell Publishing''
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
{{review}}
 
  
−
==Webinars==
+
===associated with derangement of carbohydrate metabolism===
−
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
+
====[[Diabetes Mellitus]]====
 +
====[[Ketosis]]====
 +
===associated with anoxia and toxaemia===
 +
====anoxia====
 +
*passive congestion
 +
*anaemias
 +
====toxaemia====
 +
*toxins absorbed from the gut interfere with many stages of triglyceride metabolism
  
−
[[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Liver_Diseases_-_Dog]]
+
[[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]][[Category:Cat]][[Category:Cattle]]
−
[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]
+
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]]

Revision as of 20:38, 28 June 2010

 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.


Category:WikiClinical FelineCow
Category:WikiClinical CanineCow


Signalment

  • Indoor cats are more prone to primary hepatic lipidosis.
  • Middle-aged cats are more prone.


Description

Hepatic lipidosis is the derangement of lipid and protein metabolism, which occurs in cats and dogs, but more clinically significant in cats. It is important to differentiate primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis from secondary hepatic lipidosis.

Primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis is most recognised in obese indoor cats following anorexia. It is the most common hepatic disease in North America but it is also becoming more common in Europe. It is an acute hepatopathy with a large accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes, causing the liver to lose its function. The mortality rate is high unless the disease is treated aggressively. The pathogenesis includes a number of factors:

  • excessive lipid mobilisation which is induced by anorexia, illness or stress.
  • deficiency of dietary proteins and other nutrients, which reduces the liver's capacity to produce transport proteins and to metabolise fat. Recognised nutrient deficiencies include arginine, carnitine, taurine and methionine.
  • disturbances in the neurohormonal control of appetite resulting in inappropriate anorexia.

Secondary hepatic lipidosis is a neuroendocrine response in dogs and cats to other diseases for example, pacreatitis, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease and primary hyperlipidaemia. Secondary hepatic lipidosis is therefore less closely correlated with obesity and be seen in normal or even thin cats.


Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

Laboratory Tests

Biochemistry

  • Markedly increased level in alanine
  • Low gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration
Hepatic Lipidosis Histology - Copyright Karin Allenspach's lecture RVC

Diagnostic Imaging

Radiography

Abdominal radiography shows a marked hepatomegaly.

Ultrasonography

On ultrasound, an enlarged and diffusely hyperechoeic liver is seen.


Histopathology

Fine needle aspirate of the liver is normally sufficient for a diagnosis. Cytology demonstrates hepatocytes swollen with lipid. Biopsy and culture of the liver tissue is always indicated to determine the underlying cause of the disease.


Treatment

  • Intensive treatment of cats is required for best outcome

Nutritional support

  • For a period of 4 - 6 weeks.
  • This is the most important treatment in hepatic lipidosis. It is vital to ensure that the diet is of adequate calorific content with an increase in protein content. Specific nutrients such as arginine, taurine, or carnitine may also be added.
  • This can be done via different feeding systems such as naso-oesophageal tube, oesophagostomy tube, gastrostomy tube.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

  • Treat this if presented.

Gastrointestinal drugs

Fluid therapy

  • Intravenous fluid therapy in early stages of disease.
  • Blood glucose and electrolytes especially potasium and phosphate should be monitored.

Coagulopathy

  • Vitamin K supplement may be required if coagulopathy is significant.


Prognosis

This is dependent on the underlying cause. If treated appropriately, 85% of severely affected animals will recover.


References

  • Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company.
  • Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition) BSAVA
  • Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier.
  • Tilley, L. P. & Smith, F. W. K. (2007) Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Canine & Feline (Fourth Edition) Blackwell Publishing

From Pathology

Hepatic lipidosis - fatty liver syndrome

  • also known as lipid mobilisation syndrome
  • any persistent abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells
  • associated with
    • dietary factors: obesity and starvation
    • increased demand for energy: pregnancy, lactation, and starvation in physiological states
    • Diabetes mellitus, ketosis, and pregnancy toxaemia in pathological conditions
    • abnormal hepatocytic function: prevents fatty acids from forming complexes with proteins to form low density lipoproteins for secretion into the blood
  • enlarged liver with round edges
  • lightish yellow in colour
  • cut surface is uniform and greasy to handle

The following are several important specific diseases in which fatty change is the main finding:


associated with obesity

Overfeeding will lead to the accumulation of fat in the liver

This is a normal physiological function but if a sudden check in dietary intake is imposed it may tip such an animal into serious ill health

Bovine

  • fat cow syndrome (extreme form of fatty liver)
  • occurs in well-fed dairy cows a few days postpartum
  • an excessive accumulation of liver fat without being able to export it from the liver (during late dry period and early lactation)
  • amount of fat deposited influenced by:
    • Body Condition Score (how fat the cow is)
    • Milk Yield (energy requirement)
    • Appetite (low in fat cows)
  • triggered by various conditions:
    • abomasal displacement
    • mastitis
    • metritis
    • retained placenta
  • can be fatal due to liver failure (up to 25% has been reported)
Clinical
  • cow is sick
  • poor appetite
  • excessive weight loss
  • downer
  • high incidence of post parturient disease
Gross
  • fat infiltration of liver
  • enlarged
  • rounded edges
  • pale yellow colour
  • friable

NB: will also get fat infiltration of liver in cows which have not been eating for several days so interpret carefully

Prevention
  • dry off cows at correct BCS (up to 3.5)
  • do not adjust BCS during dry period
  • do not starve fat dry cows
  • maintain appetite over late dry and calving period to prevent excessive weight loss and fat mobilisation
  • use transistion diet

Feline

  • feline fatty liver syndrome
  • fairly similar and associated solely with obesity
  • diagnosis on cytology/histopathology
  • Survival rate is only 50-60%
  • Pathophysiology:
    • Incompletely understood
    • Obese cats that lose 30-40% of body weight exhibit a similar syndrome to naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis
    • But many causative factors for naturally occurring hepatic lipidosis:
      • Peripheral lipolysis secondary to absolute or relative lack of insulin
      • Protein-calories malnutrition
      • Amino acid deficiencies – inability to synthesize apolipoproteins necessary to mobilize hepatic fat
      • Deficiency of lipotrophic compounds
      • Error of fatty acid oxidation
      • Hepatic perioxosomal damage due to oxidative stress
  • Cats with hepatic lipidosis have higher nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) compared to controls and those with cholangiohepatitis
    • NEFAs are derived from lipolysis of fat stores and enter the liver
    • They are oxidized in the liver for energy or converted to phospholipids or cholesterol or reesterified to triglycerides
    • Limited increase in lipoprotein synthesis and secretion of triglycerides in VLDLs
    • Capacity for increase in oxidation by mitochondria and ketone body synthesis is low
    • Rate of fatty acid esterification to triglycerides is not limited so can lead to a marked increase in the accumulation of stored hepatic triglycerides
  • Also all triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes in these cats comes from mobilized peripheral adipose stores during nutritional stress
    • high levels of triglyceride concentrations in the liver will cause:
      • severe periacinar necrosis
      • jaundice
      • hepatic encephalopathy
      • high mortality rate
  • Lipolysis – under control of hormone-sensitive lipase  hydrolyses triglycerides to NEFAs and glycerol
    • Insulin – inhibits it
  • Catecholamines (eg: released in stress, etc – neural input), glucocorticoids, thyroxine, GH and glucagons all promote lipolysis
  • Lower insulin levels in cats with hepatic lipidosis or cholangiohepatitis compared to controls; and lower glucogon:insulin ratio in diseased cats
    • But as not lipidosis specific, not likely to be the main factor involved
  • Higher serum triglycerides in lipidotic cats compared to controls

Hyperlipidaemia - Equine

Ovine White Liver Disease

associated with derangement of carbohydrate metabolism

Diabetes Mellitus

Ketosis

associated with anoxia and toxaemia

anoxia

  • passive congestion
  • anaemias

toxaemia

  • toxins absorbed from the gut interfere with many stages of triglyceride metabolism
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