Difference between revisions of "Tremors and Movement Disorders (Nervous System) - Pathology"

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|linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology
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==[[Tetanus - Horse|Tetanus in horses]]==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Tetany==
 +
 
 +
* Tetany is variable intermittent muscle contraction.
 +
 
 +
===Causes===
 +
 
 +
* Stricnine poisoning.
 +
* Hypocalcemia
 +
** For example, due to:
 +
*** Parturition
 +
*** Hypothyroidism
 +
* Glycine disorders, in:
 +
** Humans
 +
*** Knowns as startle  disease or hyperexplexia.
 +
*** Causes sudden contraction of primarily antigravity muscles
 +
** Arabian horses
 +
 
 +
==Myoclonus==
 +
 
 +
* Myoclonus is sudden contraction of muscle followed by relaxation.
 +
* There are several different types of myoclonus.
 +
** Sporadic
 +
** Repetitive
 +
** Constant
 +
** Action related
 +
*** Congenital
 +
*** Acquired
 +
** Postural
 +
** Episodic
 +
** Resting
 +
 
 +
===Sporadic Myoclonus===
 +
 
 +
* Sporadic myoclonus occurs as a reflex response.
 +
** A sudden response to an auditory stimulus.
 +
 
 +
===Repetitive Myoclonus===
 +
 
 +
* In repetitive myoclonus, contractions and relaxations are rhythmic.
 +
** They occur one to two seconds apart.
 +
** May occur when the animal is at rest or during movement.
 +
* Repetitive myoclonus may be due to a functional disturbance of lower motor neurons.
 +
** This may be caused, for example, by distemper or another encephalomyelitis.
 +
 
 +
===Action-Related Myoclonus===
 +
 
 +
* Tremors are induced by movement.
 +
** Myoclonus disappears when the patient is relaxed or sleeping.
 +
* May be caused by:
 +
** Cerebellar conditions
 +
** Myelin defects
 +
** Toxic insult
 +
** Problems with neurons
 +
 
 +
====Congenital====
 +
 
 +
* Results from:
 +
** Hypo- or dys-myelination
 +
** Storage diseases
 +
* Samoyeds, springer spaniels and dalmations are predisposed.
 +
 
 +
====Acquired====
 +
 
 +
* Maltese terrtiers and West Highland white terriers are predisposed.
 +
** Gives rise to the name "white shakers" for the sufferers.
 +
* Caused by meningoencephalitis.
 +
** Toxicosis is a common cause of meningoencephalitis, for example:
 +
*** Metaldehyde
 +
*** Pyrethrins
 +
*** Hexachlorophene
 +
*** Organophosphate
 +
*** Food born mycotoxins
 +
*** Macadamia nuts
 +
* Takes the form of postural repetitive myoclonus.
 +
** Postural muscles are affected while they are supporting weight.
 +
* The young and old are differentially affected.
 +
** Young animals
 +
*** The head and neck are affected.
 +
**** Gives head bobbing, which stops when the animal is distracted.
 +
*** Most common in Dobermans, English Bulldogs and Boxers.
 +
** Aged dogs
 +
*** Pelvic limbs are affected, although only when standing.
 +
**** Orthostatic tremors
 +
*** Whole muscles are affected.
 +
*** Most common in Great Danes.
 +
* Aquired action-related myoclonus is responsive to steroid or immunosuppressive drugs.
 +
 
 +
===Other Conditions Giving Myoclonus===
 +
 
 +
* Scottie cramp
 +
* Cavalier King Charles Spaniel hypertonicity
 +
* Norwich terriers have a predisposition.

Revision as of 09:31, 7 July 2010

 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.


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Tetanus in horses

Tetany

  • Tetany is variable intermittent muscle contraction.

Causes

  • Stricnine poisoning.
  • Hypocalcemia
    • For example, due to:
      • Parturition
      • Hypothyroidism
  • Glycine disorders, in:
    • Humans
      • Knowns as startle disease or hyperexplexia.
      • Causes sudden contraction of primarily antigravity muscles
    • Arabian horses

Myoclonus

  • Myoclonus is sudden contraction of muscle followed by relaxation.
  • There are several different types of myoclonus.
    • Sporadic
    • Repetitive
    • Constant
    • Action related
      • Congenital
      • Acquired
    • Postural
    • Episodic
    • Resting

Sporadic Myoclonus

  • Sporadic myoclonus occurs as a reflex response.
    • A sudden response to an auditory stimulus.

Repetitive Myoclonus

  • In repetitive myoclonus, contractions and relaxations are rhythmic.
    • They occur one to two seconds apart.
    • May occur when the animal is at rest or during movement.
  • Repetitive myoclonus may be due to a functional disturbance of lower motor neurons.
    • This may be caused, for example, by distemper or another encephalomyelitis.

Action-Related Myoclonus

  • Tremors are induced by movement.
    • Myoclonus disappears when the patient is relaxed or sleeping.
  • May be caused by:
    • Cerebellar conditions
    • Myelin defects
    • Toxic insult
    • Problems with neurons

Congenital

  • Results from:
    • Hypo- or dys-myelination
    • Storage diseases
  • Samoyeds, springer spaniels and dalmations are predisposed.

Acquired

  • Maltese terrtiers and West Highland white terriers are predisposed.
    • Gives rise to the name "white shakers" for the sufferers.
  • Caused by meningoencephalitis.
    • Toxicosis is a common cause of meningoencephalitis, for example:
      • Metaldehyde
      • Pyrethrins
      • Hexachlorophene
      • Organophosphate
      • Food born mycotoxins
      • Macadamia nuts
  • Takes the form of postural repetitive myoclonus.
    • Postural muscles are affected while they are supporting weight.
  • The young and old are differentially affected.
    • Young animals
      • The head and neck are affected.
        • Gives head bobbing, which stops when the animal is distracted.
      • Most common in Dobermans, English Bulldogs and Boxers.
    • Aged dogs
      • Pelvic limbs are affected, although only when standing.
        • Orthostatic tremors
      • Whole muscles are affected.
      • Most common in Great Danes.
  • Aquired action-related myoclonus is responsive to steroid or immunosuppressive drugs.

Other Conditions Giving Myoclonus

  • Scottie cramp
  • Cavalier King Charles Spaniel hypertonicity
  • Norwich terriers have a predisposition.
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