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| | |pagetitle =Bordetella species | | |pagetitle =Bordetella species |
| − | |pagebody = | + | |pagebody =The ''Bordetella'' species are Gram negative rods. They are normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract, although can cause repsiratory diseases including rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and bronchiolitis. |
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| − | ===Overview===
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| − | *[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] infects a wide range of animal species worldwide
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| − | *[[Bordetella avium|''B. avium'']] resticted to birds
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| − | *Normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract
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| − | *Cause repsiratory diseases including rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and bronchiolitis
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| − | *Exogenous or endogenous infection
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| − | *Poor survival in the environment
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| − | *Transmission between animals
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| − | *Young animals particularly susceptible
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| − | *Predisposing factors include stress and concurrent infections
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| − | *High morbidity; low mortality
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| − | ===Characteristics===
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| − | *Gram negative rods
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| − | *Strict aerobes
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| − | *Grow slowly
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| − | *Catalase and oxidase positive
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| − | *Non-lactose fermentors
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| − | *Grow on MacConkey agar
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| − | *Toxigenic strains agglutinate mammalian red blood cells
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| − | *Identical S form LPS in all strains of [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] - 1 diagnostic antigen
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| − | *[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] haemolytic, whereas [[Bordetella avium|''B. avium'']] not
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| − | *Affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium
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| − | ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
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| − | *Use pathogenicity factors such as filamentous haemagglutanin (only [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']]), fimbriae and pertactin to adhere to ciliated respiratory epithelium
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| − | *Produce toxins:
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| − | **Adenylate cyclase (leucocyte toxin - kills phagocytes) (only ''B. bronchiseptica'')
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| − | **Tracheal cytotoxin (inhibits DNA synthesis in ciliated cells)
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| − | **Dermonecrotic toxin
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| − | *Pathogenicity factors activated by environment and genetic changes
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| − | *Regulatory locus, BvgAS, mediates the activation
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| − | *Phase variation: genetic switch of Bvg locus allows transciption of pathogenicity factors
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| − | *Phenotypic modulation: temperature, magnesium ions and nicotinic acid affect expression of pathogenicity factors
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| − | *Bvg positive allows expression of pathogenicity factors and toxins and colonisation
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| − | *Bvg negative may allow survival in the environment with production of flagellae
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| − | *Mucosal IgA prevent attachment of bacteria to cilia, but clearance from the respiratory tract may take weeks
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| − | *Carrier animals are a source of infection
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| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | *Samples include nasal swabs, tracheal aspirates and exudates
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| − | *Cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
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| − | *Biochemical profiles
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| − | *Slide agglutination tests for virulence of isolates
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