Difference between revisions of "Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis"
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| − | {{ | + | {{unfinished}} |
| − | Also known as: ''''' | + | Canine Infecious tracheobronchitis |
| + | |||
| + | {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" | ||
| + | | Also known as: | ||
| + | | '''Kennel Cough'''<br>'''Canine respiratory disease complex''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |} | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close | + | A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close conatct causing larngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases a rhinitis. |
| − | + | Multiple agents are implicated in the disease including[[Canine Adenovirus 2]],[[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Canine herpes virus]],[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2]],[[Canine Distemper Virus]], Mycoplasma and [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''Bordetella bronchoseptica'']]. Very common disease in dogs that are housed in groups. | |
| − | Multiple agents are implicated in the disease including | ||
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
| − | Affects dogs of all ages | + | Affects dogs of all ages. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | + | ==History and Clinical Signs== | |
Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection. | Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection. | ||
| − | Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. | + | Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. Afected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, serous nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy are present. |
| − | The clinical signs typically persist | + | The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of bronchopneumonia, signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with pasturella and streptococci bacteria. | |
| − | + | Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough. | |
| − | + | ==Laboratory Tests== | |
| − | + | Haematology and Biochemistry will help to look for an underlying cause of disease in immunocomprommised animals. Additionally they may show signs of infection including a neutrophilia sometimes with a left shft. | |
| − | + | ==Radiography== | |
Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough. | Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough. | ||
| − | + | ==Endoscopy== | |
| − | |||
Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses. | Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses. | ||
| − | Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal | + | Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology which may reveal inreased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour many commensal organisms. Ideally samples sholud be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash. |
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| − | Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with | + | Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with or without treatment. |
| − | + | Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on the results otherwise doxycycline, erythromycin, chloramphnicol or a potentiated sulphonamide are good choices. | |
| − | Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness | + | Antitussives may be used to help resove coughing. and bronchodilators may alleviate some clinical signs. |
| − | + | Nebulistion can be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions. | |
| − | Antitussives | + | In patients with severe disease then further supportive care including fluids and enteral feeding wil be required. |
| − | + | Anti-inflammatories may help relieve some of the clinical signs however there use is contraindicated in immunocompromised animals. | |
| − | In patients with severe disease further supportive care including | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Good, generally self limiting. | Good, generally self limiting. | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2) | |
| + | |||
| + | Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial | ||
| − | + | *Synonyms: '''Kennel cough''', '''Infectious tracheobronchitis''' | |
| + | *[[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] | ||
| + | *Multiple agents implicated: | ||
| − | + | *Symptoms are of a persistent, non-productive cough | |
| + | *Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation | ||
| + | *The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur | ||
| + | *In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Rhinitis|rhinitis]] | ||
| + | *Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis) | ||
| + | *Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes | ||
| + | *''B. bronchiseptica'' acts as a primary pathogen in Infectious canine tracheitis | ||
| + | *Frequently isolated from dogs with respiratory disease | ||
| + | *Often found with viruses or mycoplasma | ||
| + | *Adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea | ||
| + | *Colonisation and proliferation in trachea | ||
| + | *Releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents ciliary clearance | ||
| + | *Irritation to tract causes coughing | ||
| + | *Mortality rates low | ||
| + | *Peribronchial inflammation and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] | ||
| + | can result in unvaccinated puppies or immunosuppressed dogs | ||
| + | *Severe pneumonia following secondary infection e.g. with [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]] | ||
| + | *Fatal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] if occurs secondary to [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine distemper virus|canine distemper virus]] | ||
| + | *Transmission via respiratory secretions by direct contact or aerosol and on fomites | ||
| + | *Clinical signs: | ||
| + | **Develop within 3-4 days; persist for up to 2 weeks | ||
| + | **Coughing | ||
| + | **Gagging | ||
| + | **Mild serous oculonasal discharge | ||
| + | *Treatments includes antibiotics if coughing persists or bronchopneumonia develops | ||
| + | *Live intranasal vaccines | ||
| + | *Also found in respiratory tract of cats; can cause pneumonia in kittens; vaccine available | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Dog]] |
| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]] | ||
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | ||
[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | ||
| − | |||
Revision as of 10:41, 25 July 2010
 |
This article is still under construction. |
Canine Infecious tracheobronchitis
| Also known as: | Kennel Cough Canine respiratory disease complex |
Description
A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close conatct causing larngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases a rhinitis. Multiple agents are implicated in the disease includingCanine Adenovirus 2,Canine herpes virus,Canine Parainfluenza - 2,Canine Distemper Virus, Mycoplasma and Bordetella bronchoseptica. Very common disease in dogs that are housed in groups.
Signalment
Affects dogs of all ages.
Diagnosis
History and Clinical Signs
Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection. Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. Afected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, serous nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy are present. The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.
Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of bronchopneumonia, signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with pasturella and streptococci bacteria.
Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.
Laboratory Tests
Haematology and Biochemistry will help to look for an underlying cause of disease in immunocomprommised animals. Additionally they may show signs of infection including a neutrophilia sometimes with a left shft.
Radiography
Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough.
Endoscopy
Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses. Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology which may reveal inreased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour many commensal organisms. Ideally samples sholud be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.
Treatment
Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with or without treatment. Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on the results otherwise doxycycline, erythromycin, chloramphnicol or a potentiated sulphonamide are good choices. Antitussives may be used to help resove coughing. and bronchodilators may alleviate some clinical signs. Nebulistion can be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions. In patients with severe disease then further supportive care including fluids and enteral feeding wil be required. Anti-inflammatories may help relieve some of the clinical signs however there use is contraindicated in immunocompromised animals.
Prognosis
Good, generally self limiting.
References
Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)
Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial
- Synonyms: Kennel cough, Infectious tracheobronchitis
- tracheitis, bronchitis
- Multiple agents implicated:
- Symptoms are of a persistent, non-productive cough
- Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
- The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to chronic bronchitis or cranioventral bronchopneumonia may occur
- In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent rhinitis
- Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis)
- Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
- B. bronchiseptica acts as a primary pathogen in Infectious canine tracheitis
- Frequently isolated from dogs with respiratory disease
- Often found with viruses or mycoplasma
- Adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea
- Colonisation and proliferation in trachea
- Releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents ciliary clearance
- Irritation to tract causes coughing
- Mortality rates low
- Peribronchial inflammation and bronchopneumonia
can result in unvaccinated puppies or immunosuppressed dogs
- Severe pneumonia following secondary infection e.g. with Streptococci
- Fatal bronchopneumonia if occurs secondary to canine distemper virus
- Transmission via respiratory secretions by direct contact or aerosol and on fomites
- Clinical signs:
- Develop within 3-4 days; persist for up to 2 weeks
- Coughing
- Gagging
- Mild serous oculonasal discharge
- Treatments includes antibiotics if coughing persists or bronchopneumonia develops
- Live intranasal vaccines
- Also found in respiratory tract of cats; can cause pneumonia in kittens; vaccine available