Difference between revisions of "Glanders"

Revision as of 12:02, 31 July 2010

Description

Caused by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei

Signalment

Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form. The disease was once widespread in the UK but was eradicated in 1928 and is now a Notifiable disease. Distribution is limited to parts of SE Asia, The Middle East, India, North Africa, China and Mongolia.

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

Laboratory Tests

Radiography

Biopsy

Endoscopy

Pathology

Treatment

Prognosis

References

Characterised by multiple small submucosal nasal nodules which liquefy and ulcerate
- Cores of neutrophils surrounded by a rim of macrophages and granulation tissue
In addition may have similar nodules in lungs, lymph nodes and cutaneous lymphatics
Clinical signs: fever and head/ neck lymphadenitis, rhinitis

Pathogenesis:
- Transmited by ingestion of food/water contaminated by nasal discharge of infected Equidae; occasionally via inhalation or skin wounds
- Organism invades nasopharyngeal mucosa and spreads to other tissues via lymphatics
- Presence of B. mallei in host causes hypersensitivity reaction
Clinical infections:
- Acute septicaemic form with fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and respiratory signs; death within weeks
- Chronic disease more common:
  - Nasal form: rhinitis; ulcerative nodules develop on mucosa of nasal septum and lower part of turbinates; purulent blood-stained nasal discharge; regional lymphadenitis
  - Respiratory form: respiratory distress; granulomatous lesions throughout lungs
  - Cutaneous form (farcy): lymphangitis; nodules along lymphatic vesselsof limbs; ulcers develop and discharge pus
  - May die after several months or recover and shed organisms from respiratory tract or skin
- Carnivores may contract disease by eating infected carcasses
Diagnosis:
- Specimens include discharges from lesions and blood for serology
- Grows on media containing 1% glycerol; most strains are non-lactose fermenters on MacConkey agar
- Complement fixation and agglutination
- Serology
- Mallein test: mallein injected intradermally below lower eyelid; local swelling and discharge indicates positive reation
Treatment/control:
- Test and slaughter policy where disease exotic
- Disinfection of contaminated areas using formalin or an iodophor

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Description==
+Caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]
 ==Signalment==
+Equidae are most commonly affected, horses tend to get the chronic form and mules and donkeys the acute form.
+The disease was once widespread in the UK but was eradicated in 1928 and is now a Notifiable disease. Distribution is limited to parts of SE Asia, The Middle East, India, North Africa, China and Mongolia.
 ==Diagnosis==
 ===Clinical Signs===
@@ Line 12: / Line 17: @@
 ==References==
-*Caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]
-*Exists in eastern Europe and Asia
-*Notifiable in UK
 *Characterised by multiple small submucosal [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal nodules]] which liquefy and ulcerate
 **Cores of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] surrounded by a rim of macrophages and [[Chronic Inflammation - Pathology#Granulation tissue|granulation tissue]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 24: @@
 *Clinical signs: fever and head/ neck lymphadenitis, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
-*Largely eradicated but sporadic cases in Middle East, India, China
 *Pathogenesis:
 **Transmited by ingestion of food/water contaminated by nasal discharge of infected ''Equidae''; occasionally via inhalation or skin wounds