Difference between revisions of "Adaptive Immunity to Bacteria"

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*The adaptive and [[Innate Immune System|innate responses]] work together to destroy bacteria
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==Overview==
 
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The adaptive and [[Innate Immune System|innate responses]] work together to destroy bacteria. The adaptive response ensures the [[Innate Immune System|innate response]] is carried out efficiently. There are two major branches of the adaptive immune response, humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
 
  
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[[File:Adaptive Immunity to Extracellular Bacteria.png|thumb|right|300px|Adaptive Immunity to Extracellular Bacteria - R.J.Francis, RVC 2012]]
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*The adaptive response ensures the [[Innate Immune System|innate response]] is carried out efficiently
  
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==Humoral==
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'''Humoral'''
  
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Humoral immunity includes [[Complement|complement]] activation of the classical pathway. It results in the production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and makes the complement system more efficient.
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*[[Complement|Complement]] activation of the classical pathway
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**Production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] makes the complement system more efficient
  
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==Cell-Mediated==
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'''Cell-Mediated'''
  
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Cell-mediated immunity provides help for macrophages. It includes [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] production (through T-helper type II (T<sub>H</sub>2) cell interaction with [[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]]), which improves phagocytosis by opsonisation. Infected [[Macrophages|macrophages]] are rescued by T-helper type I (T<sub>H</sub>1) cells when phagocytosis and digestion mechanisms fail to eliminate the pathogen.
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*Help for macrophages
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**[[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] production (T-helper type II cells and [[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]]) which improves phagocytosis by opsonisation
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**Infected [[Macrophages|macrophages]] are rescued by T-helper type I cells when phagocytosis and digestion mechanisms fail to eliminate the pathogen
  
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==Extracellular Infection==
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'''Extracellular Infection'''
  
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The response to extracellular infection involves [[Complement|complement]] and phagocytosis; [[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cell]] and T<sub>H</sub>2 cell stimulation and the production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], which activates the classical cascade. T<sub>H</sub>17 stimulation also enhances extravasation of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] to the area to clear the pathogen. There is also class switching of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] to [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], which is a good opsonin and targets bacterial Fcγ receptor expressed by [[Macrophages|macrophages]] and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]].
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*Complement and phagocytosis
  
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==Vesicular Infection==
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*[[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cell]] and T helper type II cell stimulation
  
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During a vesicular infection, the infected [[Macrophages|macrophage]] secretes IL-12. IL-12 stimulates T-helper type I cells which release IFN-γ. IFN-γ then triggers the [[Macrophages|macrophages]] to kill the pathogens inside.
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*Production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] which activates the classical cascade
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*Class switching of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] to [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] which is a good opsonin and targets bacterial Fcγ receptor expressed by [[Macrophages|macrophages]] and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]
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'''Vesicular Infection'''
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*The infected [[Macrophages|macrophage]] secretes IL-12
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*IL-12 stimulates T-helper type I cells which release IFN-γ
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*IFN-γ triggers the [[Macrophages|macrophages]] to kill the pathogens inside
  
 
<big>'''Also see [[Immunity to Bacteria]]'''</big>
 
<big>'''Also see [[Immunity to Bacteria]]'''</big>
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[[File:Adaptive Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria.png|thumb|right|300px|Adaptive Immunity to Vesicular Bacteria - R.J.Francis, RVC 2012]]
 
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<br><br>
 
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{{Jim Bee 2007}}
 
  
  
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[[Category:To Do - Blood]][[Category:To Do - Clinical]]
 
[[Category:Adaptive Immune System]]
 
[[Category:Adaptive Immune System]]

Revision as of 10:49, 20 August 2010

  • The adaptive response ensures the innate response is carried out efficiently

Humoral

  • Complement activation of the classical pathway
    • Production of IgM and IgG makes the complement system more efficient

Cell-Mediated

  • Help for macrophages
    • IgG production (T-helper type II cells and B cells) which improves phagocytosis by opsonisation
    • Infected macrophages are rescued by T-helper type I cells when phagocytosis and digestion mechanisms fail to eliminate the pathogen

Extracellular Infection

  • Complement and phagocytosis
  • B cell and T helper type II cell stimulation
  • Production of IgM which activates the classical cascade

Vesicular Infection

  • IL-12 stimulates T-helper type I cells which release IFN-γ
  • IFN-γ triggers the macrophages to kill the pathogens inside

Also see Immunity to Bacteria

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