Difference between revisions of "Colon - Anatomy & Physiology"

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==Introduction==
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==Overview==
 
  
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The colon is a site of microbial fermentation, the relative importance of this is [[#Species Differences|species dependent]]. The colon can be divided into the following portions; '''Ascending''', '''transverse''' and '''descending'''.
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The colon is a site of microbial fermentation, the relative importance of this is [[#Species Differences|species dependant]]. The colon can be divided into the following portions:
 +
 
 +
*Ascending
 +
*Transverse
 +
*Descending
  
 
==Structure==
 
==Structure==
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[[Image:illustration dog descending colon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Illustration of the dog's descending colon - © RVC 2008]]
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[[Image:illustration dog descending colon.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Illustration of the dog's descending colon - © RVC 2008]]
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The following anatomical arrangement is found only in cats and dogs, see [[#Species Differences|species differences]].
 
The following anatomical arrangement is found only in cats and dogs, see [[#Species Differences|species differences]].
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The '''ascending colon''' continues from the [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|iluem]] at the '''ileocolic junction'''. It runs to the right of the '''cranial mesenteric artery''' in a caudal to cranial direction. At the cranial border of the mesentery it turns medially to become the '''transverse colon'''. The transverse colon runs from the right side of the abdomen to the left side of the abdomen. Cranial to the transverse colon is the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], and caudal to it is the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] and '''cranial mesenteric artery'''. The '''descending colon''' continues on from the transverse colon running caudally on the left. It then passes more medially as it enters the pelvic cavity. Upon entering the pelvic cavity it is continued as the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]].
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*The '''ascending colon''' continues from the [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|iluem]] at the ileocolic junction.  
 +
**It runs to the right of the cranial mesenteric artery in a caudal to cranial direction.
 +
**At the cranial border of the mesentry it turns medially to become the '''transverse colon'''.
 +
*The transverse colon runs from the right side of the abdomen to the left side of the abdomen.
 +
**Cranial to the transverse colon is the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], and caudal to it is the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] and cranial mesenteric artery.
 +
*The '''descending colon''' continues on from the transverse colon running caudally on the left.
 +
**It then passes more medially as it enters the pelvic cavity
 +
**Upon entering the pelvic cavity it is continued as the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]].
  
 
==Function==
 
==Function==
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The colon is a site of microbial fermentation and absorption of the products of microbial fermentation, [[Volatile Fatty Acids|volatile fatty acids(VFAs)]]. Transportation is also important here. Motility in most species is brought about by segmentation and peristalsis. '''Antiperistalsis''' also occurs and is particularly important in horses, ruminants and rodents. Chyme is transported towards the small intestine so as to fill the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]]. In the horse, the antiperistaltic movements delay the movement of chyme from the ventral to the dorsal colon, which increases the time chyme is available for fermentation in the ventral colon. ''Mass movements'' move the content of the large intestine into the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]].
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*The colon is a site of microbial fermentation and absorption of the products of microbial fermentation, [[Volatile Fatty Acids|VFAs]].
 +
*Transportation is also important here.
 +
**Motility in most species is brought about by segmentation and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis| peristalsis].
 +
**Antiperistalsis also occurs and is particularly important in horses, ruminants and rodents.
 +
***Chyme is transported towards the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] so as to fill the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]].  
 +
***In the horse the antiperistaltic movements delay the movement of chyme from the ventral to the dorsal colon, which increases the time chyme is available for fermentation in the ventral colon.
 +
*''Mass movements'' move the content of the large intestine into the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]].
 +
 
 +
==[[Colon - Histology|Histology]]==
  
 
==Species Differences==
 
==Species Differences==
  
 
===Ruminant===
 
===Ruminant===
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The '''ascending colon''' is the longest part of the colon and is composed of three parts. The '''ansa proximalis''' has a sigmoid flexure that passes around the caudal border of the mesentry to the left side of the root of the mesentry. The '''ansa spiralis''' consists of two centripetal turns and two centrifugal turns in the '''ox'''. There are three turns in the sheep and four in the goat. In the ox, the ansa spiralis is a flat disc, whilst in the small ruminants it takes the form of a cone. The '''ansa distalis''' goes back around the caudal border of the mesentry, to the right side of the root of mesentry. It then passes cranially adjacent to the mesentery until it reaches the cranial border of the mesentery. The '''transverse colon''' crosses the midline of the abdomen, from right to left at the cranial border of the mesentery. The '''descending colon''' continues caudally to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]] and [[Anus - Anatomy & Physiology|anus]]. It has a sigmoid flexure before it enters the pelvic cavity.
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*The '''ascending colon''' is the longest part of the colon and is composed of three parts:
−
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**'''Ansa proximalis'''
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'''Development'''
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***Has a sigmoid flexure that passes around the caudal border of the mesentry to the left side of the root of the mesentry.
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The ox's ascending colon expands '''caudally''' around the root of the mesentery on the left side of the mesentery (compare to horse, where it expands cranially).
+
**'''Ansa spiralis'''
 +
***Consists of two centripetal turns and two centrifugal turns in the ox.
 +
****There are three turns in the sheep and four in the goat.
 +
****In the ox, the ansa spiralis is a flat disc, whilst in the small ruminants it takes the form of a cone.
 +
**'''Ansa distalis'''
 +
***Goes back around the caudal border of the mesentry, to the right side of the root of mesentry.
 +
***It then passes cranially adjacent to the mesentry until it reaches the cranial border of the mesentry.
 +
*The '''transverse colon''' crosses the midline of the abdomen, from right to left at the cranial border of the mesentry.
 +
*The '''descending colon''' continues caudally to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]] and [[Anus - Anatomy & Physiology|anus]].
 +
**It has a sigmoid flexure before it enters the pelvic cavity.
 +
*'''Development'''
 +
**The ox's ascending colon expands '''caudally''' around the root of the mesentry on the left side of the mesentry (compare to horse, where it expands cranially).
  
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===Equine===
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===[[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|Equine]]===
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For information on the equine colon, see: [[Alimentary System  - Horse Anatomy|equine alimentary system]].
 
  
 
===Porcine===
 
===Porcine===
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The arrangement of the transverse and descending colon is similar to that of the dog and cat, but the ascending colon is different.
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*The arrangement of the transverse and descending colon is similar to that of the dog and cat, but the ascending colon is different.
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The ascending colon is elongated and coiled to form a cone-shaped organ. The base of the cone is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall and the apex points ventrally. The position of the ascending colon varies with filling of the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]. From the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]], there are clockwise centripetal turns to the apex of the cone. Then the centrifugal turns run anti-clockwise on the inside of the cone. Centripetal turns have two taenia, whilst centrifugal turns have none.
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**The ascending colon is elongated and coiled to form a cone-shaped organ.
 +
**The base of the cone is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall and the apex points ventrally.
 +
**The position of the ascending colon varies with filling of the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
 +
**From the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]], there are clockwise centripetal turns to the apex of the cone.
 +
**Then the centrifugal turns run anti-clockwise on the inside of the cone.
 +
***Centripetal turns have two taenia, whilst centrifugal turns have none.
  
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==Histology==
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==Test yourself with the colon flashcards==
  
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[[Image:Colon fox transverse section.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colon (fox) - © RVC 2008]]
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[[Colon_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology_-_Flashcards|Colon Flashcards]]
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The '''mucosa''' of the colon is thick and has long glands with columnar epithelium. The '''Submucosa''' has large lymphatic nodules which may interrupt the '''lamina muscularis'''. The lamina muscularis is incomplete in the colon.
 
  
 
==Links==
 
==Links==
 +
*[[Intestines, Small and Large - Pathology|Pathology of the Small and Large Intestines]]
 +
*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0048.mp4 Pot 48 The Small and Large intestine of the Ruminant]
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*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/left_topography.mp4 Left Sided topography of the Equine abdomen]
 +
*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/right_topography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Equine Abdomen]
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*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/feline/pot0357.mp4 Pot 357 The Feline Abdomen]
 +
*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LargeSmallIntestine.mp4 Small and Large intestine of the Sheep]
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*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]
 +
*[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/swine/Pig_abdomen.mp4 The Porcine Abdomen]
  
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'''Click here for information on the [[Intestines, Small and Large - Pathology|pathology of the Small and Large Intestines]]'''
 
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{{Template:Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Colon_- Anatomy & Physiology_-_Flashcards|Colon Flashcards]]
 
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|videos = [[Video: Ruminant small and large intestine potcast|Ruminant small and large intestine potcast]]<br>[[Video: Ruminant abdomen potcast|Ruminant abdomen potcast]]<br>[[Video: Foal gastrointestinal tract potcast|Foal gastrointestinal tract potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral view of the feline thorax and abdomen potcast|Lateral view of the feline thorax and abdomen potcast]]<br>[[Video: Female dog abdomen dissection|Female dog abdomen dissection]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection|Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection]]<br>[[Video: Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection|Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection]]<br>[[Video: Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection 2|Equine left-sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection 2]]<br>[[Video: Ovine large and small intestine dissection|Ovine large and small intestine dissection]]<br>[[Video: Porcine abdomen dissection|Porcine abdomen dissection]]
 
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}}
 
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|powerpoints = [[Gastrointestinal Tract Histology resource|Histology of the colon - see part 1]]
 
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}}
 
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==Webinars==
 
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
 
  
 
[[Category:Large Intestine  - Anatomy & Physiology]]
 
[[Category:Large Intestine  - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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[[Category:A&P Done]]
 

Revision as of 14:12, 7 September 2010

Introduction

The colon is a site of microbial fermentation, the relative importance of this is species dependant. The colon can be divided into the following portions:

  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending

Structure

Illustration of the dog's descending colon - © RVC 2008

The following anatomical arrangement is found only in cats and dogs, see species differences.

  • The ascending colon continues from the iluem at the ileocolic junction.
    • It runs to the right of the cranial mesenteric artery in a caudal to cranial direction.
    • At the cranial border of the mesentry it turns medially to become the transverse colon.
  • The transverse colon runs from the right side of the abdomen to the left side of the abdomen.
    • Cranial to the transverse colon is the stomach, and caudal to it is the small intestine and cranial mesenteric artery.
  • The descending colon continues on from the transverse colon running caudally on the left.
    • It then passes more medially as it enters the pelvic cavity
    • Upon entering the pelvic cavity it is continued as the rectum.

Function

  • The colon is a site of microbial fermentation and absorption of the products of microbial fermentation, VFAs.
  • Transportation is also important here.
    • Motility in most species is brought about by segmentation and peristalsis.
    • Antiperistalsis also occurs and is particularly important in horses, ruminants and rodents.
      • Chyme is transported towards the small intestine so as to fill the caecum.
      • In the horse the antiperistaltic movements delay the movement of chyme from the ventral to the dorsal colon, which increases the time chyme is available for fermentation in the ventral colon.
  • Mass movements move the content of the large intestine into the rectum.

Histology

Species Differences

Ruminant

  • The ascending colon is the longest part of the colon and is composed of three parts:
    • Ansa proximalis
      • Has a sigmoid flexure that passes around the caudal border of the mesentry to the left side of the root of the mesentry.
    • Ansa spiralis
      • Consists of two centripetal turns and two centrifugal turns in the ox.
        • There are three turns in the sheep and four in the goat.
        • In the ox, the ansa spiralis is a flat disc, whilst in the small ruminants it takes the form of a cone.
    • Ansa distalis
      • Goes back around the caudal border of the mesentry, to the right side of the root of mesentry.
      • It then passes cranially adjacent to the mesentry until it reaches the cranial border of the mesentry.
  • The transverse colon crosses the midline of the abdomen, from right to left at the cranial border of the mesentry.
  • The descending colon continues caudally to the rectum and anus.
    • It has a sigmoid flexure before it enters the pelvic cavity.
  • Development
    • The ox's ascending colon expands caudally around the root of the mesentry on the left side of the mesentry (compare to horse, where it expands cranially).

Equine

Porcine

  • The arrangement of the transverse and descending colon is similar to that of the dog and cat, but the ascending colon is different.
    • The ascending colon is elongated and coiled to form a cone-shaped organ.
    • The base of the cone is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall and the apex points ventrally.
    • The position of the ascending colon varies with filling of the stomach.
    • From the caecum, there are clockwise centripetal turns to the apex of the cone.
    • Then the centrifugal turns run anti-clockwise on the inside of the cone.
      • Centripetal turns have two taenia, whilst centrifugal turns have none.

Test yourself with the colon flashcards

Colon Flashcards

Links

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