Difference between revisions of "Feline Calicivirus"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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The normal hosts for this virus are domestic cats and cheetahs. The virus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, but affected animals can be further compromised by concurrent infection. | The normal hosts for this virus are domestic cats and cheetahs. The virus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, but affected animals can be further compromised by concurrent infection. | ||
The incubation period is 2-10 days. | The incubation period is 2-10 days. | ||
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*Pneumonia | *Pneumonia | ||
Differential Diagnoses may include: | Differential Diagnoses may include: | ||
| − | * | + | *Feline Herpes |
| − | * | + | *Clamydophila felis |
| − | * | + | *Bordetella bronchiseptica |
Recovery can be followed by '''carrier status''' | Recovery can be followed by '''carrier status''' | ||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
| − | FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through '''direct contact''' with secretions of carrier cats or '''indirect contact''' via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; '''active immunity''' is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur | + | FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through '''direct contact''' with secretions of carrier cats or '''indirect contact''' via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; '''active immunity''' is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur. |
==Antigenicity== | ==Antigenicity== | ||
A single serotype has been identified which typically has antigenic variations. | A single serotype has been identified which typically has antigenic variations. | ||
| − | Recent strains | + | ====Strains==== |
| − | *Severe pyrexia | + | Recent strains have been shown to cause systemic disease: |
| − | *Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs | + | *Initial upper respiratory signs are followed by: |
| − | *Skin ulcers | + | **Severe pyrexia |
| − | *Icterus and Petchiae | + | **Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs |
| − | + | **Skin ulcers | |
| + | **Icterus and Petchiae | ||
| + | *Mortality of up to 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age | ||
| + | *Conventional vaccination ineffective | ||
| − | ==Diagnosis== | + | ====Diagnosis==== |
| − | Clinical signs | + | *Clinical signs unhelpful due to differentials |
| + | *Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs taken for virus isolation | ||
| + | **Diagnosed by pyknosis (Feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncitia) | ||
| − | ==Control== | + | ====Control==== |
| − | + | Virulent isolate outbreak: | |
| − | * | + | *Quarantine and restrict movement |
| − | + | Prevention: | |
| + | *Vaccination: | ||
| + | **Live or dead vaccines available | ||
| + | **Contain broadly cross-reactive strains | ||
| + | **In combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus | ||
| + | **Live nose-drop vaccine now available in US | ||
| + | **Particular concern for catteries | ||
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| − | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], | |
| + | *Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares | ||
| + | *Lesions present may include [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] | ||
| + | *Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above | ||
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| − | [[Category:Caliciviridae]][[Category:Cat | + | [[Category:Caliciviridae]][[Category:Cat]] |
| − | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]] | |
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | ||
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Revision as of 12:11, 10 November 2010
Introduction
The normal hosts for this virus are domestic cats and cheetahs. The virus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, but affected animals can be further compromised by concurrent infection. The incubation period is 2-10 days.
Clinical signs include:
- Vesicles and ulcers of the oral epithelium (2-5mm)
- Nasal and ocular discharge
- Sneezing
- Anorexia
Variable signs include:
- Pyrexia
- Dyspnoea
- Conjunctivitis
- Rhinitis
- Tracheitis
- Pneumonia
Differential Diagnoses may include:
- Feline Herpes
- Clamydophila felis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
Recovery can be followed by carrier status
Epidemiology
FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through direct contact with secretions of carrier cats or indirect contact via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; active immunity is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur.
Antigenicity
A single serotype has been identified which typically has antigenic variations.
Strains
Recent strains have been shown to cause systemic disease:
- Initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:
- Severe pyrexia
- Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
- Skin ulcers
- Icterus and Petchiae
- Mortality of up to 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age
- Conventional vaccination ineffective
Diagnosis
- Clinical signs unhelpful due to differentials
- Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs taken for virus isolation
- Diagnosed by pyknosis (Feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncitia)
Control
Virulent isolate outbreak:
- Quarantine and restrict movement
Prevention:
- Vaccination:
- Live or dead vaccines available
- Contain broadly cross-reactive strains
- In combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus
- Live nose-drop vaccine now available in US
- Particular concern for catteries
- Rhinitis,
- Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the tongue, hard palate and external nares
- Lesions present may include interstitial pneumonia with necrotising bronchiolitis
- Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above