Difference between revisions of "Trichuris"

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{{unfinished}}
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{{OpenPagesTop}}
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{{Taxobox
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|name =''Trichuris spp.''
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|kingdom =Animalia
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|sub-kingdom =
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|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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|super-class =
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|class =Enopla
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|sub-class =Dorylaimia
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|super-order =
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|order =Trichocephalida
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|sub-order =
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|super-family =[[:Category:Trichinelloidea|Trichinelloidea]]
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|family =Trichuridae
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|sub-family =
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|genus = Trichuris
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|species =''T. vulpis'', ''T. suis'', ''T. campanula''
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}}
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Also known as: '''''Whipworm
  
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* Also known as the  "'''whipworm'''"
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[[Image:Trichuris ovis sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' from sheep faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
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** Derives its name from its characteristic whiplike shape
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[[Image:Trichuris ovis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' in caecum - Supplied by Biomed Image Archive]]
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[[Image:Trichuris vulpis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris vulpis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
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==Overview ==
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The ''Trichuris'' worms, part of the [[:Category:Trichinelloidea|Trichinelloidea]] superfamily, are so called due to their characteristic whip like structure. They have a broad posterior end tapering to a long and narrow neck which is inserted into the caecal mucosa. They have a direct life cycle, moving directly into the definitive host from the infective L1 egg stage. Once ingested the larva is freed from the egg casing due to digestion of the plugs at either end of the egg. The larvae then form mucosal nodules in which to develop before emerging into the lumen of the large intestine and caecum of the host.
  
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== ''Trichuris'' Species ==
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==Characteristics==
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*The whipworms have a stout posterior end and a long narrow neck, which is superficially inserted into the caecal mucosa
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'''Eggs'''<br/>
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*Eggs are brown, barrel-shaped, with a plug at either end, and can survive for up to 12 years  
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The eggs of '' Trichuris'' species are yellow/brown in colour and are bioperculated (have a plug in each end). They are hardy eggs and in the correct conditions can survive on pasture for up to 12 years. The ''Trichuris'' embryo develops inside the egg and is infective as the 1st larval stage living within the egg.<br/>
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*The infective stage is the embryonated egg.
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'''Larvae'''<br/>
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*The life-cycle is direct
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Hatch from the egg into the small intestine and there grow and moult until the reach adulthood.<br/>
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*After the egg is swallowed, the larva initially forms a mucosal nodule before emerging into the lumen
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'''Adult''' <br/>
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Attach to the mucosa of the large intestine.<br/>
  
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==Species==
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==Life Cycle==
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The life cycle is not a standard nematode life cycle as these species are infective within the egg at a very early stage of embryo development. This means infective eggs can be present on pasture within 10 - 14 days of adult patency. Eggs are transferred to pasture in the feaces of the host animal and then ingested by animals grazing on the pasture; feaco-oral spread. ''Thrichuris spp.'' have no tissue migratory period, living their entire lives in the small and large intestine of the host.
  
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* '''''Trichuris vulpis''''' - dog whipworm
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==Important Species==
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* '''''Trichuris campanula''''' (Europe) and ''Trichuris serrata'' (North America) - cat whipworms.
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There are several species of veterinary importance, each typically infecting a different host species;
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** Are quite rare.
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* '''''[[Trichuris vulpis]]'''''; the dog whipworm
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* '''''Trichuris suis''''' - pig whipworm
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* '''''Trichuris campanula''''' (Europe) and ''Trichuris serrata'' (North America); cat whipworms, though these are only seen rarely.
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* '''''[[Trichuris suis]]'''''; the pig whipworm
  
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==Life Cycle==
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==Pathogenesis==
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Adult worms bury the thin anterior into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions from the damaged cells rather than blood. The invasion of the worm causes [[Eosinophilia|eosinophilia]] in the host animal as it mounts an immune response against the worm. The most common clinical signs are:
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* [[Diarrhoea]]
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* [[:Category:Enteritis, Catarrhal|Catarrhal enteritis]]
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* [[:Category:Anaemia|Anaemia]]
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* Dehydration
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Trichuris&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=45&y=2 Trichuris publications since 2000]
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
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}}
  
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* Faeco-oral spread
 
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* Eggs become infective after 10-14 days in soil.
 
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* Larvae hatch in small intestine.
 
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** Grow and moult.
 
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* Finally take up resisidence in large intestine.
 
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** I.e. NO tissue migratory phase.
 
  
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==Clinical==
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{{review}}
  
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* Adult buries its thin anterior half into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions (not blood).
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{{OpenPages}}
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** The caecum and colon are the most commonly infected sites.
 
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** Causes eosinophilia.
 
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*Signs may include:
 
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** Diarrhoea
 
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*** [[Intestines Catarrhal Enteritis - Pathology#Parasites|Catarrhal enteritis]]
 
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** Anemia
 
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** Dehydration
 
  
 
[[Category:Trichinelloidea]]
 
[[Category:Trichinelloidea]]
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[[Category:Cat Nematodes]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review - Parasites]]
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[[Category:Cattle Nematodes]]
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[[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]

Latest revision as of 17:47, 4 June 2016


Trichuris spp.
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Enopla
Sub-class Dorylaimia
Order Trichocephalida
Super-family Trichinelloidea
Family Trichuridae
Genus Trichuris
Species T. vulpis, T. suis, T. campanula

Also known as: Whipworm

Trichuris ovis from sheep faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Trichuris ovis in caecum - Supplied by Biomed Image Archive
Trichuris vulpis - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine

Overview

The Trichuris worms, part of the Trichinelloidea superfamily, are so called due to their characteristic whip like structure. They have a broad posterior end tapering to a long and narrow neck which is inserted into the caecal mucosa. They have a direct life cycle, moving directly into the definitive host from the infective L1 egg stage. Once ingested the larva is freed from the egg casing due to digestion of the plugs at either end of the egg. The larvae then form mucosal nodules in which to develop before emerging into the lumen of the large intestine and caecum of the host.

Characteristics

Eggs
The eggs of Trichuris species are yellow/brown in colour and are bioperculated (have a plug in each end). They are hardy eggs and in the correct conditions can survive on pasture for up to 12 years. The Trichuris embryo develops inside the egg and is infective as the 1st larval stage living within the egg.
Larvae
Hatch from the egg into the small intestine and there grow and moult until the reach adulthood.
Adult
Attach to the mucosa of the large intestine.

Life Cycle

The life cycle is not a standard nematode life cycle as these species are infective within the egg at a very early stage of embryo development. This means infective eggs can be present on pasture within 10 - 14 days of adult patency. Eggs are transferred to pasture in the feaces of the host animal and then ingested by animals grazing on the pasture; feaco-oral spread. Thrichuris spp. have no tissue migratory period, living their entire lives in the small and large intestine of the host.

Important Species

There are several species of veterinary importance, each typically infecting a different host species;

  • Trichuris vulpis; the dog whipworm
  • Trichuris campanula (Europe) and Trichuris serrata (North America); cat whipworms, though these are only seen rarely.
  • Trichuris suis; the pig whipworm

Pathogenesis

Adult worms bury the thin anterior into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions from the damaged cells rather than blood. The invasion of the worm causes eosinophilia in the host animal as it mounts an immune response against the worm. The most common clinical signs are:


Trichuris Learning Resources
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Vetstream
To reach the Vetstream content, please select 		Canis, Felis, Lapis or Equis
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Literature Search
Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract
(CABI log in required) 		Trichuris publications since 2000



This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.



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