Difference between revisions of "Aelurostrongylus abstrusus"

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=== ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'' ===
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{{OpenPagesTop}}
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Also known as: '''''Cat lungworm
  
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[[Image:Aeurostrongylus abstrusus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aeurostrongylus abstrusus - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
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Causes: '''''Aelurostrongylosis'''''
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{{Taxobox
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|name              = ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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|kingdom            =
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|phylum            =
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|class              =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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|sub-class          =
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|order              =
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|super-family      =[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]
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|family            =[[:Category:Angiostrongylidae|Angiostrongylidae]]
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|sub-family        =
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|genus              =
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|species            =''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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}}
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==Introduction==
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Aelurostrongylosis is the disease caused by the cat lungworm ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'', which is found in many parts of Europe, the USA and Australia.
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[[Image:Aeurostrongylus abstrusus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Aeurostrongylus abstrusus'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
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==Hosts==
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'''Intermediate hosts''': Molluscs, including snails and slugs, as well as paratenic hosts, including rodents, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.
  
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*The cat lungworm - a typical metastrongyloid.
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'''Definitive host''': Cat.
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*Adults are small (approximately 1cm), and live in the lung parenchyma and small bronchioles.
 
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*Life-Cycle:
 
  
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→ L1 with kinky tail in faeces
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==Identification==
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''A. abstrusus'' are small parasites of the family [[Angiostrongylidae]], measuring around 1cm in length.  The worms are long and thing, and the male has a bursa, but it is small and poorly developed.
  
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→ mollusc intermediate host
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==Life Cycle==
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This is an indirect lifecyle, involving two intermediate hosts, and a definitive host. The female is ovo-viviparous, and passes L1 within the host faeces. The L1 then infect the molluscs, and later develop into L2, then infective L3. The paratenic host ingests the molluscs. The cat, acting as the definitive host then ingests the L3, and becomes infected with the parasite.
  
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→ cat infected '''either''' by eating an infected mollusc, '''or''' by eating a paratenic host that has eaten an infected mollusc
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The larvae then travel to the lungs via the lymphatic system or the bloodstream. These can be seen as nodules on the lungs. They then hatch out, and are coughed up and swallowed. The parasite enters the alimentary tract, and is passed out in the faeces.
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*Infections often asymptomatic, but can cause serious respiratory problems, especially in immunocompromised cats.
 
  
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=== Aelurostrongylosis ===
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The parasite affects pulmonary parenchyma and causes aelurostrongylosis.
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*Often asymptomatic; serious respiratory problems usually due to deficient immunity.
 
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*Prognosis poor.
 
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*Post mortem examination reveals greenish nodules in lungs.
 
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*Histopathology diferentiates these from tuberculosis.
 
  
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==Clinical Signs==
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The disease is often '''asymptomatic''', and serious respiratory problems usually occur due to a deficient immunity, following [[FIV]] infection for example.
  
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Fenbendazole is licensed for treatment.
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Respiratory signs are usually '''progressive and worstening'''. Heavy infections can cause '''severe bronchopneumonia''', with cats presenting with '''open-mouth breathing''' and abdominal effort.
  
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*Live in [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|lung parenchyma]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|small bronchioles]]
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There might also be '''coughing and sneezing''' and systemic signs such as '''anorexia, lethargy and wasting'''.
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*Grossly:
 
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**Firm yellow nodules scattered throughout parenchyma, more frequently at periphery
 
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*Microscopically:
 
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**Eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells)
 
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**Submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls
 
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*Associated clinical signs are mild although heavy infestations may -> chronic coughing
 
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*The airway eosinophilia which may be detected can be confused with a diagnosis of asthma
 
  
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[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Cat_Nematodes]]
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==Diagnosis==
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]]
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'''Radiography''' may reveal a diffuse interstitial pattern with focal peribronchial densities. An alveolar pattern may appear in severe cases.
 +
 
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'''Bronchial lavage''' may reveal characteristic coiled larvae with an undulating tail and spine and eosinophilic inflammation.
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'''Haematology''' may reveal [[eosinophilia]].
 +
 
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'''Post mortem examination''' may reveal greenish nodules in the lungs.
 +
 
 +
Microscopically, eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells). There is submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls.
 +
 
 +
==Treatment and Prevention==
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Treatment is difficult and '''not often necessary''' unless the cat is showing clinical signs, as the disease is usually self-limiting.
 +
 
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'''Fenbendazole''' for 21 consecutive days is usually effective.
 +
 
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'''Imidacloprid with moxidectin''', '''emodepsid''', and '''selamectin are also effective''' according to Sandra Sawchuk's capsule report <ref>Sawchuk, S (2014) Best Practices for Lungworm Prevention & Treatment in Clinician's Brief, volume 12 number 1, January 2014, p 54</ref>, which reviews a selamectin lungworm efficacy study.<ref>Iannino F, Iannetti L, Paganico D, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of selamectin spot-on in cats infested with ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'' (Strongylida, Filariodidae) in a Central Italy cat shelter. ''Vet Parasitol'' 2013;197:258-262. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743419 PubMed link ]</ref> )
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Ivermectin has also been used in some cases.
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'''Control''' is only by prevention of hunting by cats.
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{{Learning
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|flashcards = [[Cytology Q&A 05]]
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Aelurostrongylus+abstrusus%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=57&y=15&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'' publications]
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
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}}
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==References==
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<references />
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* Merck and Co (2008) '''Merck veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
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* Bowman, D. (2002) '''Feline Clinical Parasitology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
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{{review}}
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{{OpenPages}}
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[[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]
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[[Category:Angiostrongylidae]][[Category:Cat_Nematodes]]

Latest revision as of 17:46, 4 June 2016


Also known as: Cat lungworm

Causes: Aelurostrongylosis

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Class Nematoda
Super-family Metastrongyloidea
Family Angiostrongylidae
Species Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Introduction

Aelurostrongylosis is the disease caused by the cat lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, which is found in many parts of Europe, the USA and Australia.

Aeurostrongylus abstrusus - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine

Hosts

Intermediate hosts: Molluscs, including snails and slugs, as well as paratenic hosts, including rodents, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.

Definitive host: Cat.

Identification

A. abstrusus are small parasites of the family Angiostrongylidae, measuring around 1cm in length. The worms are long and thing, and the male has a bursa, but it is small and poorly developed.

Life Cycle

This is an indirect lifecyle, involving two intermediate hosts, and a definitive host. The female is ovo-viviparous, and passes L1 within the host faeces. The L1 then infect the molluscs, and later develop into L2, then infective L3. The paratenic host ingests the molluscs. The cat, acting as the definitive host then ingests the L3, and becomes infected with the parasite.

The larvae then travel to the lungs via the lymphatic system or the bloodstream. These can be seen as nodules on the lungs. They then hatch out, and are coughed up and swallowed. The parasite enters the alimentary tract, and is passed out in the faeces.

The parasite affects pulmonary parenchyma and causes aelurostrongylosis.

Clinical Signs

The disease is often asymptomatic, and serious respiratory problems usually occur due to a deficient immunity, following FIV infection for example.

Respiratory signs are usually progressive and worstening. Heavy infections can cause severe bronchopneumonia, with cats presenting with open-mouth breathing and abdominal effort.

There might also be coughing and sneezing and systemic signs such as anorexia, lethargy and wasting.

Diagnosis

Radiography may reveal a diffuse interstitial pattern with focal peribronchial densities. An alveolar pattern may appear in severe cases.

Bronchial lavage may reveal characteristic coiled larvae with an undulating tail and spine and eosinophilic inflammation.

Haematology may reveal eosinophilia.

Post mortem examination may reveal greenish nodules in the lungs.

Microscopically, eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells). There is submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment is difficult and not often necessary unless the cat is showing clinical signs, as the disease is usually self-limiting.

Fenbendazole for 21 consecutive days is usually effective.

Imidacloprid with moxidectin, emodepsid, and selamectin are also effective according to Sandra Sawchuk's capsule report [1], which reviews a selamectin lungworm efficacy study.[2] )

Ivermectin has also been used in some cases.

Control is only by prevention of hunting by cats.



Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Learning Resources
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References

  1. ↑ Sawchuk, S (2014) Best Practices for Lungworm Prevention & Treatment in Clinician's Brief, volume 12 number 1, January 2014, p 54
  2. ↑ Iannino F, Iannetti L, Paganico D, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of selamectin spot-on in cats infested with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Strongylida, Filariodidae) in a Central Italy cat shelter. Vet Parasitol 2013;197:258-262. PubMed link


  • Merck and Co (2008) Merck veterinary Manual Merial
  • Bowman, D. (2002) Feline Clinical Parasitology Wiley-Blackwell


 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.



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