Difference between revisions of "Brachyspira pilosicoli"

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
|name              =''Brachyspira pilosicoli''
 
|name              =''Brachyspira pilosicoli''
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|order              =Spirochaetales
 
|order              =Spirochaetales
 
|family            =Brachyspiraceae
 
|family            =Brachyspiraceae
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|genus              =Brachyspira
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|genus              =[[:Category:Brachyspira and Serpulina|Brachyspira]]
 
|species            =''B. pilosicoli''   
 
|species            =''B. pilosicoli''   
 
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}}
  
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''B. pilosicoli'' is from the ''[[spirochaetes]]'' family. It is the cause of '''porcine intestinal spirochaetosis'''.
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==Introduction==
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[[File:Brachyspira pilosicoli.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Figure 1: ''Brachispira pilosicoli'' in culture, stained by Gram stain.]]
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'''''Brachyspira pilosicoli''''' is a Gram-negative, spiral shaped bacterium. It is an anaerobic [[Spirochaetes|spirochaete]], closely related to ''[[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]''. The bacterium is loosely coiled and is 6-11µm long (Figure 1). It is only weakly haemolytic in contrast to ''B. hyodysenteriae''.
  
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==Pathogenesis==
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The bacterium may have '''8-12 internalised flagellae''', inserted at either pole of the cell between the inner and outer membranes. The outer membrane contains '''lipopolysaccharide''' (endotoxin). This pathogen can also cause '''zoonotic''' disease in people.
  
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Infection of ''B.pilosicoli'' is acquired via contaminated faeces. The disease then spreads slowly through the herd.
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==Lifecycle==
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Dogs, rats, mice and flies may act as transport hosts.  
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Infection of ''B.pilosicoli'' is acquired via '''ingestion of contaminated faeces'''. Once in the Alimentary tract, the spiral rotating motion allows the bacterium to move through the mucus in the intestine and thus reach and invade its target cells in the large intestine. The organism remains '''infective for long periods in organic matter''' but is '''inactivated by sunlight'''.
  
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''B. pilosicoli'' causes less severe signs than [[Swine Dysentery|swine dysentry]] caused by ''[[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]''.
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The pathogen has been isolated from '''dogs, birds, mice and humans'''. Dogs are thought to be a source of infection for people.
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The bacteria's motility in mucous allows colonisation of pig intestine. It's haemolytic and cytotoxic activiity is important for virulence. The attachment of ''B. pilosicoli'' to epithelial cells of colonic mucosa disrupts their function and leads to their shedding and oedema.  
 
  
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==Diagnosis==
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==Diseases==
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''B. pilosicoli'' is the cause of '''[[Porcine Intestinal Spirochaetosis|porcine intestinal spirochaetosis]]''' which is a much milder disease than the [[Swine Dysentery|swine dysentery]] caused by ''[[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]''.
  
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Diagnosis can be made via the history, clinical signs and gross pathology of the animal. An anaerobic culture on blood agar with added antibiotics for at least 3 days can also be done.
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The presence of the spirochaetes in diarrhoeal faeces is not itself diagnostic because related, but non-pathogenic, species may be present.
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In addition to this, immunofluorescence, DNA probes and biochemical tests can be done.
 
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Serology using ELISA can be used on a herd basis, as can PCR.
 
  
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==Literature Search==
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==Pathogenesis==
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[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
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The '''attachment''' of ''B. pilosicoli'' to epithelial cells of colonic mucosa causes oedema, shedding of epithelial cells, haemorrhage and leucocyte infiltration and leading to '''malabsorption'''. The invasion of goblet cells can also lead to '''secretory [[diarrhoea]]'''.
  
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'''Toxins and proteins''' released by B. pilosicoli have '''haemolytic and cytotoxic effects'''. Its membranous '''LPS''' also contains an endotoxin (lipid A).
  
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Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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{{Learning
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|literature search= [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Brachyspira+pilosicoli%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=42&y=14&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Brachyspira pilosicoli'' publications]
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|flashcards = [[Brachyspira pilosicoli Flashcards|''B. pilosicoli'' Flashcards]]
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}}
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==References==
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<references/>
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Hirsh, D. C., Maclachan, N. J.,  Walker, R. L (2004) '''Veterinary Microbiology 2nd ed.'''. Pp:131-133. ''Wiley-Blackwell, London''.
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{{CABI source
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91832&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Brachyspira pilosicoli'']
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|date =11 June 2011
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}}
 
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[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Brachyspira+pilosicoli%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=42&y=14&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Brachyspira pilosicoli'' publications]
 
  
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{{Andrew Rycroft
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|date = January 4, 2012}}
  
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[[Category:Brachyspira_and_Serpulina]][[Category:Pig Bacteria]]
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{{OpenPages}}
  
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[[Category:To_Do_-_AimeeHicks]]
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[[Category:Brachyspira_and_Serpulina]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
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[[Category:Pig Bacteria]]
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[[Category:Zoonoses]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

Latest revision as of 12:32, 17 August 2012


Brachyspira pilosicoli
Phylum Spirochaetes
Class Spirochaetes
Order Spirochaetales
Family Brachyspiraceae
Genus Brachyspira
Species B. pilosicoli

Introduction

Figure 1: Brachispira pilosicoli in culture, stained by Gram stain.

Brachyspira pilosicoli is a Gram-negative, spiral shaped bacterium. It is an anaerobic spirochaete, closely related to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The bacterium is loosely coiled and is 6-11µm long (Figure 1). It is only weakly haemolytic in contrast to B. hyodysenteriae.

The bacterium may have 8-12 internalised flagellae, inserted at either pole of the cell between the inner and outer membranes. The outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). This pathogen can also cause zoonotic disease in people.

Lifecycle

Infection of B.pilosicoli is acquired via ingestion of contaminated faeces. Once in the Alimentary tract, the spiral rotating motion allows the bacterium to move through the mucus in the intestine and thus reach and invade its target cells in the large intestine. The organism remains infective for long periods in organic matter but is inactivated by sunlight.

The pathogen has been isolated from dogs, birds, mice and humans. Dogs are thought to be a source of infection for people.

Diseases

B. pilosicoli is the cause of porcine intestinal spirochaetosis which is a much milder disease than the swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.

The presence of the spirochaetes in diarrhoeal faeces is not itself diagnostic because related, but non-pathogenic, species may be present.

Pathogenesis

The attachment of B. pilosicoli to epithelial cells of colonic mucosa causes oedema, shedding of epithelial cells, haemorrhage and leucocyte infiltration and leading to malabsorption. The invasion of goblet cells can also lead to secretory diarrhoea.

Toxins and proteins released by B. pilosicoli have haemolytic and cytotoxic effects. Its membranous LPS also contains an endotoxin (lipid A).


Brachyspira pilosicoli Learning Resources
FlashcardsFlashcards logo.png
Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions 		B. pilosicoli Flashcards
CABICABI logo.jpg
Literature Search
Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract
(CABI log in required) 		Brachyspira pilosicoli publications


References

Hirsh, D. C., Maclachan, N. J., Walker, R. L (2004) Veterinary Microbiology 2nd ed.. Pp:131-133. Wiley-Blackwell, London.


CABIlogo

This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on 11 June 2011.

This article has been expert reviewed by Prof Andrew Rycroft BSc (Hons), PhD, C.Biol., FSB, FRCPath

Date reviewed: January 4, 2012



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